1	History of the Gospels: Tellos of Luke L. D. Alford www.lionelalford.com www.ldalford.com
2	Focus of Class Gospels as Greek Literature Literary context Basis for all modern literature Gospels as Histories Historical context Cultural context Basis of Western Civilization NT in terms of history and literature
3	Outline 1. Introduction to ancient cultures 2. Historical prelude 3. Historical veracity of the Gospels 4. Literature of the Gospels 5. Tellos of Matthew 6. Tellos of Mark 7. Tellos of Luke 8. Tellos of John & Tellic comparison
4	Summary 7. Tellos of Luke Greek literature Sayings Narratives Argument to a Tellos
5	New Testament Documents New Testament 27 separate historical works Historical documents—Historical documents written in Greek Language is critical
6	Greek Language λέγω charitoo – to grace άντιλογίας charis - graciousness διαλογισμός chairo – greeting τελειοΰμαι hyparabole - excess τέλος telos - the point aimed at as a limit
7	Greek Words charitoo (khar-ee-to'-o); from 5485; to grace, i.e. indue with special honor: KJV-- make accepted, be highly favoured. 5485 charis (khar'-ece); from 5463; graciousness (as gratifying), of manner or act (abs. or con.; lit., fig. or spiritual; especially the divine influence upon the heart, and its reflection in the life; including gratitude): KJV-- acceptable, benefit, favour, gift, grace (-ious), joy, liberality, pleasure, thank (-s, -worthy). 5463 chairo (khah'-ee-ro); primary verb; to be "cheerful", i.e. calmly happy or well-off; impersonally, especially as salutation (on meeting or parting), be well: KJV-- farewell, be glad, God speed, greeting, hall, joy (-fully), rejoice.
8	Greek Words hyparabole <hyparabola> (hypar-ab-ol-ay'); excess, to exceed from 3846; a similitude ("parable"), i.e. (symbol.) exaggerated narrative (of common life conveying a meaning), apoth gm or adage: KJV—N/A. hyper; beyond
9	Greek Words 3846 paraballo (par-ab-al'-lo); from 3844 and 906; to throw alongside, i.e. (reflexively) to reach a place, or (figuratively) to liken: KJV-- arrive. 3844 para (par-ah'); a primary preposition; properly, near; i.e. (with genitive case) from beside (literally or figuratively), (with dative case) at (or in) the vicinity of (objectively or subjectively), (with accusative case) to the proximity with (local [especially beyond or opposed to] or causal [on account of]: KJV-- above, against, among, at, before, by, contrary to, X friend, from, + give [such things as they], + that [she] had, X his, in, more than, nigh unto, (out) of, past, save, side ... by, in the sight of, than, [therefore-], with. In compounds it retains the same variety of application.
10	Greek Words 906 ballo (bal'-lo); a primary verb; to throw (in various applications, more or less violent or intense): KJV-- arise, cast (out), X dung, lay, lie, pour, put (up), send, strike, throw (down), thrust. Compare 4496.
11	Greek Words Hyperbola Never touches the axis An analogy that has infinite telos An analogy where the telos is opposite of the assertion
12	Greek Words parabole <parabola> (par-ab-ol-ay'); from paraballo; a similitude ("parable"), i.e. (symbol.) fictitious narrative (of common life conveying a moral), apoth gm or adage: KJV-- comparison, figure, parable, proverb.
13	Greek Words paraballo (par-ab-al'-lo); from para and ballo; to throw alongside, i.e. (reflexively) to reach a place, or (figuratively) to liken: KJV-- arrive. para (par-ah'); a primary preposition; properly, near; i.e. (with genitive case) from beside (literally or figuratively), (with dative case) at (or in) the vicinity of (objectively or subjectively), (with accusative case) to the proximity with (local [especially beyond or opposed to] or causal [on account of]: KJV-- above, against, among, at, before, by, contrary to, X friend, from, + give [such things as they], + that [she] had, X his, in, more than, nigh unto, (out) of, past, save, side ... by, in the sight of, than, [therefore-], with. In compounds it retains the same variety of application.
14	"ballo (bal'-lo..." ballo (bal'-lo); a primary verb; to throw (in various applications, more or less violent or intense): KJV-- arise, cast (out), X dung, lay, lie, pour, put (up), send, strike, throw (down), thrust. Compare 4496.
15	"Parabola" Parabola Only touches the vertex at one point Greek parabole A logos with only one distinct telos One meaning
16	Luke Focus on Chapters 3, 4, 10,11,12, 13, 14, 16
17	Luke Based on historicity, could conclude tellos of each Gospel is simply record of history Saw Greek literature (dialogues) are not based in this model Narratives in Greek are close, but could argue Greek historians used a similar organization for their writing Know that literature in other cultures organized differently than English Know the Gospels are not organized the way we would expect good writing in English
18	Luke Historicity of Luke Secondary source Mary Disciples Others Paul
19	Luke Luke is not organized around dialogues – it is organized around sayings Focus of Luke is the pronouncements of Jesus Study of Luke must focus first on the sayings and then on the narrative framework of them Don’t have time to do this, we can only look at the says and a small part of these
20	Luke Who is Luke Gentile and Greek Luke the physician Paul’s companion and documenter Also wrote Acts Literate
21	Luke 1:1-4 Look at the arguments Luke 1:1-4 1 Many have undertaken to draw up an account of the things that have been fulfilled among us, 2 just as they were handed down to us by those who from the first were eyewitnesses and servants of the word. 3 Therefore, since I myself have carefully investigated everything from the beginning, it seemed good also to me to write an orderly account for you, most excellent Theophilus, 4 so that you may know the certainty of the things you have been taught.
22	Luke 1:1-4 Straight up historical-legal statement of purpose
23	Luke 1:5-33 5 In the time of Herod king of Judea there was a priest named Zechariah, who belonged to the priestly division of Abijah; his wife Elizabeth was also a descendant of Aaron. 6 Both of them were upright in the sight of God, observing all the Lord's commandments and regulations blamelessly. 7 But they had no children, because Elizabeth was barren; and they were both well along in years. 8 Once when Zechariah's division was on duty and he was serving as priest before God, 9 he was chosen by lot, according to the custom of the priesthood, to go into the temple of the Lord and burn incense.
24	Luke 1:5-33 10 And when the time for the burning of incense came, all the assembled worshipers were praying outside. 11 Then an angel of the Lord appeared to him, standing at the right side of the altar of incense. 12 When Zechariah saw him, he was startled and was gripped with fear. 13 But the angel said to him: "Do not be afraid, Zechariah; your prayer has been heard. Your wife Elizabeth will bear you a son, and you are to give him the name John. 14 He will be a joy and delight to you, and many will rejoice because of his birth,
25	Luke 1:5-33 15 for he will be great in the sight of the Lord. He is never to take wine or other fermented drink, and he will be filled with the Holy Spirit even from birth. 16 Many of the people of Israel will he bring back to the Lord their God. 17 And he will go on before the Lord, in the spirit and power of Elijah, to turn the hearts of the fathers to their children and the disobedient to the wisdom of the righteous-- to make ready a people prepared for the Lord." 18 Zechariah asked the angel, "How can I be sure of this? I am an old man and my wife is well along in years."
26	Luke 1:5-33 19 The angel answered, "I am Gabriel. I stand in the presence of God, and I have been sent to speak to you and to tell you this good news. 20 And now you will be silent and not able to speak until the day this happens, because you did not believe my words, which will come true at their proper time." 21 Meanwhile, the people were waiting for Zechariah and wondering why he stayed so long in the temple. 22 When he came out, he could not speak to them. They realized he had seen a vision in the temple, for he kept making signs to them but remained unable to speak. 23 When his time of service was completed, he returned home.
27	Luke 1:5-33 24 After this his wife Elizabeth became pregnant and for five months remained in seclusion. 25 "The Lord has done this for me," she said. "In these days he has shown his favor and taken away my disgrace among the people." 26 In the sixth month, God sent the angel Gabriel to Nazareth, a town in Galilee, 27 to a virgin pledged to be married to a man named Joseph, a descendant of David. The virgin's name was Mary. 28 The angel went to her and said, "Greetings, you who are highly favored! The Lord is with you."
28	Luke 1:5-33 29 Mary was greatly troubled at his words and wondered what kind of greeting this might be. 30 But the angel said to her, "Do not be afraid, Mary, you have found favor with God. 31 You will be with child and give birth to a son, and you are to give him the name Jesus. 32 He will be great and will be called the Son of the Most High. The Lord God will give him the throne of his father David, 33 and he will reign over the house of Jacob forever; his kingdom will never end." (NIV)
29	Luke Luke doesn’t tell us who is the focus of his history until this point Revealing the nature of Jesus—assumption is given above Believer to believer Luke’s purpose is not to prove the assertion of Christ, but give eyewitness data to support assertions and to record dialogues of Christ
30	Luke 2:46-48 46 After three days they found him in the temple courts, sitting among the teachers, listening to them and asking them questions. 47 Everyone who heard him was amazed at his understanding and his answers. 48 When his parents saw him, they were astonished. His mother said to him, "Son, why have you treated us like this? Your father and I have been anxiously searching for you."
31	Luke 2:49-50 49 "Why were you searching for me?" he asked. "Didn't you know I had to be in my Father's house?" 50 But they did not understand what he was saying to them. (NIV) First words of Jesus—specifies his work and understanding of mission (should put to rest the idea that Jesus was just a man who didn’t understand his purpose)
32	Genealogies Note in Matthew and in Luke we get the genealogies of Jesus Matthew from Joseph Luke from Mary (Luke’s witness) Both assert lineage of David Matthew directly through Kings of Israel and Judah Luke through Jewish mothers Luke’s focus is the Jewishness of Jesus compared to Matthew
33	Luke 4:1-13 1 Jesus, full of the Holy Spirit, returned from the Jordan and was led by the Spirit in the desert, 2 where for forty days he was tempted by the devil. He ate nothing during those days, and at the end of them he was hungry. 3 The devil said to him, "If you are the Son of God, tell this stone to become bread." 4 Jesus answered, "It is written: 'Man does not live on bread alone.'“ Deut 8:3 3 He humbled you, causing you to hunger and then feeding you with manna, which neither you nor your fathers had known, to teach you that man does not live on bread alone but on every word that comes from the mouth of the LORD.
34	Luke 4:1-13 5 The devil led him up to a high place and showed him in an instant all the kingdoms of the world. 6 And he said to him, "I will give you all their authority and splendor, for it has been given to me, and I can give it to anyone I want to. 7 So if you worship me, it will all be yours." 8 Jesus answered, "It is written: 'Worship the Lord your God and serve him only.'"
35	Luke 4:1-13 Deut 6:13-15 13 Fear the LORD your God, serve him only and take your oaths in his name. 14 Do not follow other gods, the gods of the peoples around you; 15 for the LORD your God, who is among you, is a jealous God and his anger will burn against you, and he will destroy you from the face of the land. Deut 10:20-21 20 Fear the LORD your God and serve him. Hold fast to him and take your oaths in his name. 21 He is your praise; he is your God, who performed for you those great and awesome wonders you saw with your own eyes.
36	Luke 4:1-13 9 The devil led him to Jerusalem and had him stand on the highest point of the temple. "If you are the Son of God," he said, "throw yourself down from here. 10 For it is written: "'He will command his angels concerning you to guard you carefully; 11 they will lift you up in their hands, so that you will not strike your foot against a stone.'"
37	Luke 4:1-13 Ps 91:1-16 1 He who dwells in the shelter of the Most High will rest in the shadow of the Almighty. 2 I will say of the LORD, "He is my refuge and my fortress, my God, in whom I trust." 3 Surely he will save you from the fowler's snare and from the deadly pestilence. 4 He will cover you with his feathers, and under his wings you will find refuge; his faithfulness will be your shield and rampart. 5 You will not fear the terror of night, nor the arrow that flies by day,
38	Luke 4:1-13 Ps 91:1-16 6 nor the pestilence that stalks in the darkness, nor the plague that destroys at midday. 7 A thousand may fall at your side, ten thousand at your right hand, but it will not come near you. 8 You will only observe with your eyes and see the punishment of the wicked. 9 If you make the Most High your dwelling-- even the LORD, who is my refuge-- 10 then no harm will befall you, no disaster will come near your tent. 11 For he will command his angels concerning you to guard you in all your ways;
39	Luke 4:1-13 Ps 91:1-16 12 they will lift you up in their hands, so that you will not strike your foot against a stone. 13 You will tread upon the lion and the cobra; you will trample the great lion and the serpent. 14 "Because he loves me," says the LORD, "I will rescue him; I will protect him, for he acknowledges my name. 15 He will call upon me, and I will answer him; I will be with him in trouble, I will deliver him and honor him. 16 With long life will I satisfy him and show him my salvation."
40	Luke 4:1-13 12 Jesus answered, "It says: 'Do not put the Lord your God to the test.'" 13 When the devil had finished all this tempting, he left him until an opportune time. Deut 6:16-20 16 Do not test the LORD your God as you did at Massah. 17 Be sure to keep the commands of the LORD your God and the stipulations and decrees he has given you. 18 Do what is right and good in the LORD's sight, so that it may go well with you and you may go in and take over the good land that the LORD promised on oath to your forefathers,
41	Luke 4:1-13 Deut 6:16-20 19 thrusting out all your enemies before you, as the LORD said. 20 In the future, when your son asks you, "What is the meaning of the stipulations, decrees and laws the LORD our God has commanded you?"
42	Luke 4:1-13 What is Jesus asserting? Primacy of the Torah
43	Luke 4:14-28 14 Jesus returned to Galilee in the power of the Spirit, and news about him spread through the whole countryside. 15 He taught in their synagogues, and everyone praised him. 16 He went to Nazareth, where he had been brought up, and on the Sabbath day he went into the synagogue, as was his custom. And he stood up to read. 17 The scroll of the prophet Isaiah was handed to him. Unrolling it, he found the place where it is written:
44	Luke 4:14-28 18 "The Spirit of the Lord is on me, because he has anointed me to preach good news to the poor. He has sent me to proclaim freedom for the prisoners and recovery of sight for the blind, to release the oppressed, 19 to proclaim the year of the Lord's favor." 20 Then he rolled up the scroll, gave it back to the attendant and sat down. The eyes of everyone in the synagogue were fastened on him, 21 and he began by saying to them, "Today this scripture is fulfilled in your hearing." 22 All spoke well of him and were amazed at the gracious words that came from his lips. "Isn't this Joseph's son?" they asked.
45	Luke 4:14-28 23 Jesus said to them, "Surely you will quote this proverb to me: 'Physician, heal yourself! Do here in your hometown what we have heard that you did in Capernaum.'" 24 "I tell you the truth," he continued, "no prophet is accepted in his hometown. 25 I assure you that there were many widows in Israel in Elijah's time, when the sky was shut for three and a half years and there was a severe famine throughout the land. 26 Yet Elijah was not sent to any of them, but to a widow in Zarephath in the region of Sidon.
46	Luke 4:14-28 27 And there were many in Israel with leprosy in the time of Elisha the prophet, yet not one of them was cleansed-- only Naaman the Syrian." 28 All the people in the synagogue were furious when they heard this.
47	Luke 4:14-28 What is Jesus asserting? He claims to be a prophet Asserts Messianic promise in his coming—from Isaiah Asserts the importance or authority of the OT documents other than the Torah Proclaims his coming for all people—including Gentiles
48	Luke Chapter 4 through 6 Have a short section similar to Mark where Jesus asserts his authority or lordship over the aspects of the world Nature Sin Demons Sabbath Illness
49	Luke Claims Bridegroom—continues the theme of Messiah (Jewish images) New covenant
50	Luke 6:20-7:1 Goes into the Sermon on the plane 20 Looking at his disciples, he said: "Blessed are you who are poor, for yours is the kingdom of God. 21 Blessed are you who hunger now, for you will be satisfied. Blessed are you who weep now, for you will laugh. 22 Blessed are you when men hate you, when they exclude you and insult you and reject your name as evil, because of the Son of Man. 23 "Rejoice in that day and leap for joy, because great is your reward in heaven. For that is how their fathers treated the prophets. 24 "But woe to you who are rich, for you have already received your comfort.
51	Luke 6:20-7:1 25 Woe to you who are well fed now, for you will go hungry. Woe to you who laugh now, for you will mourn and weep. 26 Woe to you when all men speak well of you, for that is how their fathers treated the false prophets. 27 "But I tell you who hear me: Love your enemies, do good to those who hate you, 28 bless those who curse you, pray for those who mistreat you. 29 If someone strikes you on one cheek, turn to him the other also. If someone takes your cloak, do not stop him from taking your tunic. 30 Give to everyone who asks you, and if anyone takes what belongs to you, do not demand it back. 31 Do to others as you would have them do to you.
52	Luke 6:20-7:1 32 "If you love those who love you, what credit is that to you? Even 'sinners' love those who love them. 33 And if you do good to those who are good to you, what credit is that to you? Even 'sinners' do that. 34 And if you lend to those from whom you expect repayment, what credit is that to you? Even 'sinners' lend to 'sinners,' expecting to be repaid in full. 35 But love your enemies, do good to them, and lend to them without expecting to get anything back. Then your reward will be great, and you will be sons of the Most High, because he is kind to the ungrateful and wicked. 36 Be merciful, just as your Father is merciful. 37 "Do not judge, and you will not be judged. Do not condemn, and you will not be condemned. Forgive, and you will be forgiven.
53	Luke 6:20-7:1 38 Give, and it will be given to you. A good measure, pressed down, shaken together and running over, will be poured into your lap. For with the measure you use, it will be measured to you." 39 He also told them this parable: "Can a blind man lead a blind man? Will they not both fall into a pit? 40 A student is not above his teacher, but everyone who is fully trained will be like his teacher. 41 "Why do you look at the speck of sawdust in your brother's eye and pay no attention to the plank in your own eye?
54	Luke 6:20-7:1 42 How can you say to your brother, 'Brother, let me take the speck out of your eye,' when you yourself fail to see the plank in your own eye? You hypocrite, first take the plank out of your eye, and then you will see clearly to remove the speck from your brother's eye. 43 "No good tree bears bad fruit, nor does a bad tree bear good fruit. 44 Each tree is recognized by its own fruit. People do not pick figs from thornbushes, or grapes from briers. 45 The good man brings good things out of the good stored up in his heart, and the evil man brings evil things out of the evil stored up in his heart. For out of the overflow of his heart his mouth speaks.
55	Luke 6:20-7:1 46 "Why do you call me, 'Lord, Lord,' and do not do what I say? 47 I will show you what he is like who comes to me and hears my words and puts them into practice. 48 He is like a man building a house, who dug down deep and laid the foundation on rock. When a flood came, the torrent struck that house but could not shake it, because it was well built. 49 But the one who hears my words and does not put them into practice is like a man who built a house on the ground without a foundation. The moment the torrent struck that house, it collapsed and its destruction was complete."
56	Luke 6:20-7:1 CHAPTER 7 1 When Jesus had finished saying all this in the hearing of the people, he entered Capernaum. Ultimate claim by Christ based on the claims of his authority
57	Luke 8:9-10 9 His disciples asked him what this parable meant. 10 He said, "The knowledge of the secrets of the kingdom of God has been given to you, but to others I speak in parables, so that, "'though seeing, they may not see; though hearing, they may not understand.' Authoritative declarations – “Knowledge of the Kingdom of heaven” Chapter 8 to 21
58	Luke 22:66-71 66 At daybreak the council of the elders of the people, both the chief priests and teachers of the law, met together, and Jesus was led before them. 67 "If you are the Christ," they said, "tell <epo> us." Jesus answered, "If I tell <epo> you, you will not believe me, 68 and if I asked you, you would not answer. 69 <After this, after this, after this>But from now on, the Son of Man will be seated <reside> at the <right side> right hand of the mighty <miraculous power of> God." 70 They all asked <epo>, "Are you then the Son of God?" He replied <phemi>, "You are right in saying <lego> I am." 71 Then they said, "Why do we need any more testimony? We have heard it from his own lips."
59	Luke 22:17-20 17 After taking the cup, he gave thanks and said, "Take this and divide it among you. 18 For I tell you I will not drink again of the fruit of the vine until the kingdom of God comes." 19 And he took bread, gave thanks and broke it, and gave it to them, saying, "This is my body given for you; do this in remembrance of me." 20 In the same way, after the supper he took the cup, saying, "This cup is the new covenant in my blood, which is poured out for you.
60	Luke 23:46-47 46 Jesus called out with a loud voice, "Father, into your hands I commit my spirit." When he had said this, he breathed his last. 47 The centurion, seeing what had happened, praised God and said, "Surely this was a righteous man."
61	Luke 24:12-27 12 Peter, however, got up and ran to the tomb. Bending over, he saw the strips of linen lying by themselves, and he went away, wondering to himself what had happened. 13 Now that same day two of them were going to a village called Emmaus, about seven miles from Jerusalem. 14 They were talking with each other about everything that had happened. 15 As they talked and discussed these things with each other, Jesus himself came up and walked along with them; 16 but they were kept from recognizing him. 17 He asked them, "What are you discussing together as you walk along?" They stood still, their faces downcast.
62	Luke 24:12-27 18 One of them, named Cleopas, asked him, "Are you only a visitor to Jerusalem and do not know the things that have happened there in these days?" 19 "What things?" he asked. "About Jesus of Nazareth," they replied. "He was a prophet, powerful in word and deed before God and all the people. 20 The chief priests and our rulers handed him over to be sentenced to death, and they crucified him; 21 but we had hoped that he was the one who was going to redeem Israel. And what is more, it is the third day since all this took place. 22 In addition, some of our women amazed us. They went to the tomb early this morning 23 but didn't find his body. They came and told us that they had seen a vision of angels, who said he was alive.
63	Luke 24:12-27 24 Then some of our companions went to the tomb and found it just as the women had said, but him they did not see." 25 He said to them, "How foolish you are, and how slow of heart to believe all that the prophets have spoken! 26 Did not the Christ have to suffer these things and then enter his glory?" 27 And beginning with Moses and all the Prophets, he explained to them what was said in all the Scriptures concerning himself.
64	Luke 24:12-27 In the view of Luke--Fulfillment of Torah (Law and Prophets) The clincher follows in the last of Christ’s statements
65	Luke 24:36-49 36 While they were still talking about this, Jesus himself stood among them and said to them, "Peace be with you." 37 They were startled and frightened, thinking they saw a ghost. 38 He said to them, "Why are you troubled, and why do doubts rise in your minds? 39 Look at my hands and my feet. It is I myself! Touch me and see; a ghost does not have flesh and bones, as you see I have." 40 When he had said this, he showed them his hands and feet. 41 And while they still did not believe it because of joy and amazement, he asked them, "Do you have anything here to eat?"
66	Luke 24:36-49 42 They gave him a piece of broiled fish, 43 and he took it and ate it in their presence. 44 He said to them, "This is what I told you while I was still with you: Everything must be fulfilled that is written about me in the Law of Moses, the Prophets and the Psalms." 45 Then he opened their minds so they could understand the Scriptures. 46 He told them, "This is what is written: The Christ will suffer and rise from the dead on the third day, 47 and repentance and forgiveness of sins will be preached in his name to all nations, beginning at Jerusalem.
67	Luke 24:36-49 48 You are witnesses of these things. 49 I am going to send you what my Father has promised; but stay in the city until you have been clothed with power from on high." Straight up historical-legal statement of purpose
68	Focus Luke doesn’t tell us who is the focus of his history until this point Revealing the nature of Jesus—assumption is given above Believer to believer Luke’s purpose is not to prove the assertion of Christ, but give eyewitness data to support assertions and to record dialogues of Christ
69	Focus Luke’s focus is the Jewishness of Jesus compared to Matthew
70	Summary What is Jesus asserting? Primacy of the Torah He claims to be a prophet Asserts Messianic promise in his coming—from Isaiah Asserts the importance or authority of the OT documents other than the Torah Proclaims his coming for all people—including Gentiles
71	Summary Claims Bridegroom—continues the theme of Messiah (Jewish images) New covenant Authoritative declarations – “Knowledge of the Kingdom of heaven”
72	Conclusion Proof of the context of the claims In the view of Luke--Fulfillment of Torah (Law and Prophets)
73	Next Time Tellos of John