1	History of the Gospels: Introduction L. D. Alford www.lionelalford.com www.ldalford.com
2	Focus of Class Gospels as Greek Literature Literary context Basis for all modern literature Gospels as Histories Historical context Cultural context Basis of Western Civilization NT in terms of history and literature
3	Outline 1. Introduction to ancient cultures 2. Historical prelude 3. Historical veracity of the Gospels 4. Literature of the Gospels 5. Tellos of Matthew 6. Tellos of Mark 7. Tellos of Luke 8. Tellos of John & Tellic comparison
4	Summary 1. Introduction to ancient cultures and literature Course outline Rabbinic understanding of the Messiah No new law
5	New Testament Documents New Testament 27 separate historical works Historical documents—Historical documents written in Greek Language is critical
6	Language Significantly different than English (or other Germanic or Romance language) Simple language Geometrically based Sparse number of words compared to modern languages Many words describe complex concepts Modern languages tend to use modifiers to differentiate Singular meanings – words of the day
7	Greek Language 6 primary words for love άγαπάν (agape) έρως (eros) πόθος (pathos) φιλαω (philao) έπίθίμία (epithumia) στέργηθρον (sterguthron) All 6 translated love
8	Greek Words for Love άγαπάν (agape) – sacred word Charity – old English translation Sacrificial love Specifically love of the gods, both ways Rarely used of men – never in classical Greek Mother or father to children Translated Words KJV (116) - charitably + (2596), 1; charity, 27; dear, 1; feast of charity, 1; love, 86; NAS (115) - beloved, 1; love, 112; love feasts, 1; love's, 1;
9	Greek Words for Love έρως (eros) – romantic love X NTD πόθος (pathos) – passion whatever befalls one, sad or joyous spec. a calamity, mishap, evil, affliction a feeling which the mind suffers an affliction of the mind, emotion, passion passionate deed Greeks: either a good or bad sense NT: bad sense, depraved or vile passion Translated Words KJV (3) - affection, 1; inordinate affection, 1; lust, 1; NAS (3) - passion, 2; passions, 1;
10	Greek Words for Love φιλαω (philao) Brotherly love, tender love, affection to love approve of, like, sanction treat affectionately or kindly, welcome, befriend to show signs of love; to kiss to be fond of doing; be wont, use to do Translated Words KJV (25) - kiss, 3; love, 22; NAS (25) - kiss, 3; love, 13; loved, 3; loves, 6;
11	Greek Words for Love έπίθίμία (epithumia) Strong desire German – Lust desire, craving, longing, desire for what is forbidden, lust Translated Words KJV (38) - concupiscence, 3; desire, 3; lust, 31; lust after, 1; NAS (38) - coveting, 2; desire, 4; desires, 8; earnestly, 1; impulses, 1; long, 1; lust, 5; lustful, 1; lusts, 15;
12	Greek Words for Love στέργηθρον (sterguthron) Parental love Old shoe love Comfortable love X NTD
13	Greek Language Similar to other ancient languages – grammar is key Mnemonics Has vowels No punctuation No sentences No paragraphs No spaces between words
14	Greek Literature Focus is logical argument English Intro Body Conclusion Hebrew - parallelism Synopsis Body Greek – logical argument to a tellos Body
15	Greek Culture Use of language is a direct result of culture Culture is critical What was the culture? Established oriental monarchy All seven simple machines in use Domestication of animals and plants Established agrarian Established literacy Slavery based
16	Greek Culture Position of women, children Protection Protected Isolated
17	Greek Culture How did people tell time? Sun Concept of a year and day was illusive—Egyptians Sundial—1300 BC 10 hours of daylight 2 hours of twilight 12 hours of night Hours/minutes/seconds from—Babylonians 300 BC Supported temple sacrifices--Zosternism Past the OT period
18	Greek Culture Concept of time in the NT difficult Hebrews Greeks Romans Each had a different way of measuring the day Water clock in the temple
19	Greek Culture What about numbers? Fingers and toes Numerals Greek and Roman numbers 40 days and 40 nights—a long time, euphemism in Hebrew—beyond the numbers commonly available in Hebrew (the number of fingers and toes on two people) 70 times 7—eternity Greek euphemism—cannot accomplish math easily without Arabic base 10 numerals and null (zero)
20	Greek Culture What about fire? Belonged to God Kindled in the temple/distributed to the people Leviticus 10:1-2—illicit fire before God (Nadav and Avihu) Greek example What about sacrifice? Will explore this in depth later Taking the life of anything was viewed as taking from the province of God or gods
21	Greek Law What about Laws? Greek Law God’s Law - Torah Roman law Means to protect women, children, aged, handicapped requires strength and organization Roman law the freest for women in history Rule of law in development
22	Greek Religion What about religion? The world is a fearful and dangerous place No understanding of how things work—action of spirits Gods are in everything Paganism Pagan man sees spiritual action and forces in all things—therefore these spirits must be placated—back to the concept of sacrifice Slight inking of monotheism—Hebrews almost only monotheists
23	Greek Geography Geography is critical What is the climate of the Middle East? Changed radically over time Much due to human action Cedars of Lebanon—no more Spain and Greece were denuded of wood for building fleets Warfare Water depletion Herodotus writes of Xeres army depleting rivers Population—inheritance
24	Ancient Thinking ¶How did people think? Greek Philosophy Scientific method Legal-Historical method Greek rationalism Roman Hellenized Functional rationalism
25	Rabbinic View Hebrew – Rabbinic view Rabbinic focus When an OT quote is mentioned, it is an introduction a synopsis Note in NT – Septuagint Interpretation – understanding – pardes (acronym and mnemonic for peshat, remez, derash, and sod) Meaning is already there – the point is to tease out the complete understanding No room for multiple understandings
26	pardes Peshat – plain literal sense of a verse in its context Remez – allegorical or symbolic meaning only hinted at in the text Derash – homiletic interpretation to uncover an ethical or moral lesson thought to be implicit in the text Sod – secret, esoteric, or mystical interpretation, emphasized by the kabalists
27	pardes Derash first means of Rabinnic understanding Derash - from Hebrew for seek Subjective method Detailed and ingenious analysis of Unusual spelling Vocabulary Other elements Extensive cross-references Reveal the moral and ethical teachings (aggadah)
28	pardes According to JPS handbook -- Derash interpretation used by the rabbis “…until the rise of Islam 600 AD when Jewish scholars were exposed to Greek rational modes of thought and historical perspective, as well as the scientific study of language…” However, when were the Rabbis first exposed to Greek rational modes of thought? When did Rabbis have to contend with a real world historical perspective? When did language really begin to have a great effect on Hebrew thought?
29	pardes Peshat Developed 600 to 1100 AD Languished until the Enlightenment Archeology Ancient manuscripts Remez Allegorical understandings Reached height 14th to 16th centuries About the same time as in the Christian Church One of M. Luther’s main problems with the Catholic church was the use of allegory to explain those things in OT and NT documents that could be understood literally
30	Ancient Human Culture Our thinking about human culture of the past must wrap around the concept of ignorance and not lack of intelligence or wisdom Humans in different cultures are motivated differently Thinking and concepts of logic in development People in different cultures do think and act differently
31	Hebrew Covenants ¶Covenants in Hebrew thought Adamic – first to Adam alone, second: Noahic Abrahamic Mosaic Messianic age
32	Hebrew Covenants Adamic – first to Adam alone, second: All humankind All time No Law Messianic Noahic All humankind Until the destruction of the earth Implies it is created into the fabric of the creation All Law Messianic promise is continued
33	Hebrew Covenants Abrahamic All peoples will be blessed Messianic To Abraham and his seed For all time
34	Hebrew Covenants Mosaic To the CoI Law of God Expansion of Noahic Laws Til the end of the Creation dabar – bound in the Creation amar – bound outside the Creation Atonement except for intentional sin
35	Hebrew Covenants Messianic age No new law Complete atonement Revelation of the Messiah Only thanksgiving sacrifice required
36	Greek Language Μεσσίαν - Messiah Messias = "anointed" the Greek form of Messiah a name of Christ Translated Words KJV (2) - Messias, 2; NAS (2) - Messiah, 2;
37	Hebrew Language Mashiyach - Hebrew anointed, anointed one of the Messiah, Messianic prince of the king of Israel of the high priest of Israel of Cyrus of the patriarchs as anointed kings Translated Words KJV (39) - Messiah, 2; anointed, 37; NAS (39) - Anointed, 1; Messiah, 2; anointed, 34; anointed ones, 2;
38	Greek Language Χριστοΰ - Chirst Christ = "anointed" Christ was the Messiah, the Son of God anointed Translated Words KJV (569) - Christ, 569; NAS (531) - Christ, 516; Christ's, 11; Messiah, 4; Chrio khree'-o to anoint consecrating Jesus to the Messianic office, and furnishing him with the necessary powers for its administration enduing Christians with the gifts of the Holy Spirit Translated Words KJV (5) - anoint, 5; NAS (5) - anointed, 5; Verse
39	Greek Language συναγωγης - Synagogue a bringing together, gathering (as of fruits) an assembly a synagogue an assembly of Jews formally gathered together to offer prayers and listen to the reading and expositions of the scriptures; assemblies of that sort were held every sabbath and feast day, afterwards also on the second and fifth days of every week; name transferred to an assembly of Christians formally gathered together for religious purposes
40	Greek Language the buildings where those solemn Jewish assemblies are held. Synagogues seem to date their origin from the Babylonian exile. In the times of Jesus and the apostles every town, not only in Palestine, but also among the Gentiles if it contained a considerable number of Jewish inhabitants, had at least one synagogue, the larger towns several or even many. These were also used for trials and inflicting punishment. Translated Words KJV (57) - assembly, 1; congregation, 1; synagogue, 55; NAS (56) - assembly, 1; synagogue, 31; synagogues, 24
41	Greek Language suna - Sunago soon-ag'-o to gather together, to gather to draw together, collect of fishes, of a net in which they are caught to bring together, assemble, collect to join together, join in one (those previously separated) to gather together by convoking to be gathered, come together, gather, meet to lead with one's self into one's home, i.e. to receive hospitably, to entertain Translated Words KJV (62) - be assembled, 3; be gathered, 4; be gathered together, 12; come together, 6; gather, 15; gather together, 9; misc, 10; take in, 3; NAS (56) - assemble, 1; assembled, 5; came together, 1; convened, 1; gather, 10; gather together, 1; gather...together, 2; gathered, 9; gathered together, 14; gathered...together, 1; gathering, 3; gathering together, 1; invite, 2; invited, 1; met, 2; store, 2
42	Greek Language ραββί - Rabbi my great one, my honourable sir Rabbi, a title used by the Jews to address their teachers (and also honor them when not addressing them) Translated Words KJV (17) - Master (Christ), 9; Rabbi (Christ), 5; rabbi, 3; NAS (15) - Rabbi, 15
43	Greek Language Rab rab much, many, great much many abounding in more numerous than abundant, enough great strong greater than adv much, exceedingly n m captain, chief Translated Words KJV (458) - captain, 24; enough, 9; great, 118; greater, 4; greatly, 3; long, 10; many, 190; mighty, 5; misc, 40; more, 12; much, 36; multitude, 7; NAS (453) - Champion, 1; Great, 2; abound, 1; abounding, 4; abounds, 1; abundance, 1; abundant, 15; abundantly, 2; broad, 1; captain, 25; chief, 1; chief officers, 1; enough, 8; far enough, 2; full, 2; great, 83; great deal, 1; greater, 6; greatly, 5; heavy, 1; increased, 2; large, 6; larger, 4; leading officers, 1; long, 8; long enough, 2; many, 207; many things, 1; many times, 2; many...things, 1; masses, 1; mighty, 7; more, 5; more numerous, 1; much, 16; multitude, 2; numerous, 10; official, 1; older, 1; plentiful, 1; plenty, 2; populous, 1; powerful, 1; prevalent, 1; severe, 2; very, 2; who are many, 1; who was once great, 1;
44	Greek Language διδάσκαλος - didaskalos a teacher one who is fitted to teach, or thinks himself so Translated Words KJV (58) - Master (Jesus), 40; doctor, 1; master, 7; teacher, 10; NAS (59) - Teacher, 41; teacher, 10; teachers, 8; 1321 didasko (did-as'-ko); a prolonged (causative) form of a primary verb dao (to learn); to teach (in the same broad application): KJV-- teach.
45	Hebrew Covenant Law was inherent in Creation Not just devised Note comparison with Noahic covenant God’s revelation in the Covenant at the right time Particular step for God to bring the CoI and us into understanding of law There is much confusion on the Laws and laws under the covenant of the CoI
46	Hebrew Covenant Gentiles Covered by the Noahic covenant Acts declaration of first Jerusalem Council Can become Yoked to the Torah if convert to Judahism
47	Hebrew Covenant The Law of God is a physical representation of the Law God set in the creation Laws for individuals Noahic Mosaic – ten words Laws for society Laws of cleanliness Verbal Torah - Mishna
48	Hebrew Covenant Covenant incomplete because there no redemption for intentional sin Each earlier covenant is incomplete Points directly to the Messiah Rabbis understood the incomplete covenant and understood its limitations Following destruction of the Temple led to a more secular understanding of covenant Today covenant of Moses can’t be kept because no Temple
49	Hebrew Covenant Synagogue of Christ’s time had a legal as well as a religious function Lawyers and doctors of the Law were the men who presided over the synagogue to handle legal matters In ancient world all legal matters were local matters and punishments were handled by the people in their own communities
50	Hebrew Covenant Lawyers and doctors of Law acted as the Rabbis for their community Training was in the Torah and other scriptures as well as the Mishna, at this time verbal This verbal Mishna is what Christ knew and understood well With the destruction of the Temple, the role of the synagogue and of the Rabbis became more important
51	Jewish Understanding What is and was the Jewish understanding of the Messiah From Hebrew “mashiach” annointed Rule over restored kingdom of Israel where the dispersed Jews would be gathered at the end of days
52	Jewish Understanding Core belief in Judaism One of Maimonides (Rabbi Moshe ben Maimon —RaMBaM or the Rambam, 11th century) 13 principles of faith Existence of God Complete and total unity and uniqueness of God Incorporeality of God God is eternal God alone is to be worshiped and obeyed Prophecy Moses is the greatest prophet
53	Jewish Understanding Entire Torah was given by God to Moses Torah is unchangeable God knows man’s thoughts and deeds Rewards and punishments The coming of the Messiah (even though he may delay [a Jew must] anticipate every day that he will come) The resurrection of the dead
54	Jewish Understanding David’s descendents would rule the Jewish people forever 2 Sam 7:13 Messianic age Isa 11 Two messiahs King – Zech 9:9 Priest – Zech 6:13
55	Jewish Understanding Mashinach ben David Single Davidic King Conquer enemies of Israel Return the Jewish people from exile Rebuild the Temple Reinstitute the Mosaic sacrifices Mashinach be Joseph Precede the messianic king Be killed in an epic battle with the enemies of God and Israel
56	Jewish Understanding Human agent of divine redemption Riding into Jerusalem on a Donkey Zech 9:9 Clouds of heaven Dan 7:13 Born in Bethlehem the day the Temple was destroyed Mich 5:1 Present at the Creation, existing before the Creation Sits among the lepers Ascends the mount of olive heralded by a shofar blast Announces himself at Sukot during the Hellal
57	Jewish Understanding Modern views Reform Judaism Messianic age of universal justice Orthodox Judaism still holds to the doctrine of a personal messiah Modern practice Chair for Elijah at every circumcision (each Jewish child could be the Messiah) Born on Tisha b’Av 9th day of Av (July-Aug) Dead buried with feet facing Jerusalem awaiting the resurrection of the dead when the messiah comes
58	Views of Maimonides So this is the Jewish view What is missing? Psalms? Isaiah 51-53; where is the suffering servant? Where is the bridegroom redeemer? Ruth and Judges Mosaic covenant is incomplete No sacrifice for intentional sin No forgiveness but the grave Messiah required to complete the covenant
59	Summary Ancient cultures very different than ours – thinking was different Rabbinic understanding in first century was Messiah based Expectation of Jewish world
60	Next Time Next time – Historical Prelude – World and Levant
61	Views of Maimonides Messiah What will he do? Question should be addressed from the standpoint of what the Jews knew at the time of Christ
62	Christian Understanding Fulfilled Prophecy Tenakh/Hebrew Scripture New Testament Over 300 Messianic Prophecies
63	Christian Understanding Prophecies fulfilled by Jesus Christ, Messiah All of these prophesies were made hundreds, sometimes thousands, of years before Jesus Christ was born. Looking in the face of how He literally fulfilled them all (plus hundreds more), it is an impossibility that He is not Messiah, Savior of the world. The ONLY person...past, present or future...who could fulfill all these prophecies is Jesus Christ. See His genealogy starting from faithful Abraham.
64	Jewish Understanding Traditional Judaism interprets the Hebrew Bible as having many references to a coming Messiah, some include: and in thy seed shall all the nations of the earth be blessed; because thou hast hearkened to My voice.' Genesis 22:18 HaShem swore unto David in truth; He will not turn back from it: 'Of the fruit of thy body will I set upon thy throne. Psalm 132:11 (see also Jeremiah 23:5)
65	Jewish Understanding Therefore the L-rd Himself shall give you a sign: behold, the young woman shall conceive, and bear a son, and shall call his name Immanuel. Isaiah 7:14 But thou, Beth-lehem Ephrathah, which art little to be among the thousands of Judah, out of thee shall one come forth unto Me that is to be ruler in Israel; whose goings forth are from of old, from ancient days. Micah 5:1
66	Jewish Understanding I will raise them up a prophet from among their brethren, like unto thee; and I will put My words in his mouth, and he shall speak unto them all that I shall command him. Deuteronomy 18:18 (Moses is believed to have written this book, see also verse 15) That the government may be increased, and of peace there be no end, upon the throne of David, and upon his kingdom, to establish it, and to uphold it through justice and through righteousness from henceforth even for ever. The zeal of HaShem of hosts doth perform this. Isaiah 9:6
67	Jewish Understanding Rejoice greatly, O daughter of Zion, shout, O daughter of Jerusalem; behold, thy king cometh unto thee, he is triumphant, and victorious, lowly, and riding upon an ass, even upon a colt the foal of an ass. Zechariah 9:9 But he was wounded because of our transgressions, he was crushed because of our iniquities: the chastisement of our welfare was upon him, and with his stripes we were healed. All we like sheep did go astray, we turned every one to his own way; and HaShem hath made to light on him the iniquity of us all. Isaiah 53:5-6 (see all of Isaiah 53)
68	Jewish Understanding Seventy weeks are decreed upon thy people and upon thy holy city, to finish the transgression, and to make an end of sin, and to forgive iniquity, and to bring in everlasting righteousness, and to seal vision and prophet, and to anoint the most holy place. Know therefore and discern, that from the going forth of the word to restore and to build Jerusalem unto one anointed, a prince, shall be seven weeks; and for threescore and two weeks, it shall be built again, with broad place and moat, but in troublous times. And after the threescore and two weeks shall an anointed one be cut off, and be no more; and the people of a prince that shall come shall destroy the city and the sanctuary; but his end shall be with a flood; and unto the end of the war desolations are determined. Daniel 9:24-26
69	Jewish Understanding For Thou wilt not abandon my soul to the nether-world; neither wilt Thou suffer Thy godly one to see the pit. Psalm 16:10 A Psalm of David. HaShem saith unto my lord: 'Sit thou at My right hand, until I make thine enemies thy footstool.' Psalm 110:1
70	Jewish Understanding I saw in the night visions, and, behold, there came with the clouds of heaven one like unto a son of man, and he came even to the Ancient of days, and he was brought near before Him. And there was given him dominion, and glory, and a kingdom, that all the peoples, nations, and languages should serve him; his dominion is an everlasting dominion, which shall not pass away, and his kingdom that which shall not be destroyed. Daniel 7:13-14
71	Jewish Understanding And His feet shall stand in that day upon the mount of Olives, which is before Jerusalem on the east, and the mount of Olives shall cleft in the midst thereof toward the east and toward the west, so that there shall be a very great valley; and half of the mountain shall remove toward the north, and half of it toward the south. Zechariah 13:4
72	Jewish Understanding See also: Zechariah 9:10; 12:2,3,8,9; 14:1-5,9,16-21; Psalm 2:6-8; 89:3,4; Jeremiah 23:5; and Isaiah 9:6,7; 11:1,10-13
73	Views of Maimonides One Jewish understanding of moshiach ("the messiah") is based on the writings of Maimonides, (the Rambam). His views on the messiah are discussed in his Mishneh Torah, his 14 volume compendium of Jewish law, in the section Hilkhot Melakhim Umilchamoteihem, chapter 11. Maimonides writes:
74	Views of Maimonides "The anointed King is destined to stand up and restore the Davidic Kingdom to its antiquity, to the first sovereignty. He will build the Temple in Jerusalem and gather the strayed ones of Israel together. All laws will return in his days as they were before: Sacrificial offerings are offered and the Sabbatical years and Jubilees are kept, according to all its precepts that are mentioned in the Torah. Whoever does not believe in him, or whoever does not wait for his coming, not only does he defy the other prophets, but also the Torah and Moses our teacher. For the Torah testifies about him, thus: "And the Lord Your God will return your returned ones and will show you mercy and will return and gather you... If your strayed one shall be at the edge of Heaven... And He shall bring you" etc.(Deuteronomy 30:3-5)."
75	Views of Maimonides "These words that are explicitly stated in the Torah, encompass and include all the words spoken by all the prophets. In the section of Torah referring to Bala'am, too, it is stated, and there he prophesied about the two anointed ones: The first anointed one is David, who saved Israel from all their oppressors; and the last anointed one will stand up from among his descendants and saves Israel in the end. This is what he says
76	Views of Maimonides (Numbers 24:17-18): "I see him but not now" - this is David; "I behold him but not near" - this is the Anointed King. "A star has shot forth from Jacob" - this is David; "And a brand will rise up from Israel" - this is the Anointed King. "And he will smash the edges of Moab" - This is David, as it states: "...And he struck Moab and measured them by rope" (II Samuel 8:2); "And he will uproot all Children of Seth" - this is the Anointed King, of whom it is stated: "And his reign shall be from sea to sea"
77	Views of Maimonides (Zechariah 9:10). "And Edom shall be possessed" - this is David, thus: "And Edom became David's as slaves etc." (II Samuel 8:6); "And Se'ir shall be possessed by its enemy" - this is the Anointed King, thus: "And saviors shall go up Mount Zion to judge Mount Esau, and the Kingdom shall be the Lord's" (Obadiah 1:21)."
78	Views of Maimonides "And by the Towns of Refuge it states: "And if the Lord your God will widen up your territory... you shall add on for you another three towns" etc. (Deuteronomy 19:8-9). Now this thing never happened; and the Holy One does not command in vain. But as for the words of the prophets, this matter needs no proof, as all their books are full with this issue."
79	Views of Maimonides "Do not imagine that the anointed King must perform miracles and signs and create new things in the world or resurrect the dead and so on. The matter is not so: For Rabbi Akiva was a great scholar of the sages of the Mishnah, and he was the assistant-warrior of the king Bar Kokhba, and claimed that he was the anointed king. He and all the Sages of his generation deemed him the anointed king, until he was killed by sins; only since he was killed, they knew that he was not. The Sages asked him neither a miracle nor a sign..."
80	Views of Maimonides "And if a king shall stand up from among the House of David, studying Torah and indulging in commandments like his father David, according to the written and oral Torah, and he will coerce all Israel to follow it and to strengthen its weak points, and will fight Hashem's [God's] wars, this one is to be treated as if he were the anointed one. If he succeeded {and won all nations surrounding him. Old prints and mss.} and built a Holy Temple in its proper place and gathered the strayed ones of Israel together, this is indeed the anointed one for certain, and he will mend the entire world to worship the Lord together, as it is stated: "For then I shall turn for the nations a clear tongue, to call all in the Name of the Lord and to worship Him with one shoulder (Zephaniah 3:9)."
81	Views of Maimonides "But if he did not succeed until now, or if he was killed, it becomes known that he is not this one of whom the Torah had promised us, and he is indeed like all proper and wholesome kings of the House of David who died. The Holy One, Blessed Be He, only set him up to try the public by him, thus: "Some of the wise men will stumble in clarifying these words, and in elucidating and interpreting when the time of the end will be, for it is not yet the designated time." (Daniel 11:35)."
82	Views of Maimonides Most of the textual requirements concerning the messiah, what he will do, and what will be done during his reign are located within the Book of Isaiah, although requirements are mentioned in other prophets as well. The Sanhedrin will be re-established (Isaiah 1:26) Once he is King, leaders of other nations will look to him for guidance. (Isaiah 2:4)
83	Views of Maimonides The whole world will worship the One God of Israel (Isaiah 2:17) He will be descended from King David (Isaiah 11:1) via King Solomon (1 Chron. 22:8-10) The Moshiach will be a man of this world, an observant Jew with "fear of God" (Isaiah 11:2) Evil and tyranny will not be able to stand before his leadership (Isaiah 11:4)
84	Views of Maimonides Knowledge of God will fill the world (Isaiah 11:9) He will include and attract people from all cultures and nations (Isaiah 11:10) All Israelites will be returned to their homeland (Isaiah 11:12) He will swallow up death forever (Isaiah 25:8) There will be no more hunger or illness, and death will cease (Isaiah 25:8)
85	Views of Maimonides All of the dead will rise again (Isaiah 26:19) The Jewish people will experience eternal joy and gladness (Isaiah 51:11) He will be a messenger of peace (Isaiah 52:7) Nations will end up recognizing the wrongs they did Israel (Isaiah 52:13-53:5) For My House shall be called a house of prayer for all nations (Isaiah 56:3-7)
86	Views of Maimonides The peoples of the world will turn to the Jews for spiritual guidance (Zechariah 8:23) The ruined cities of Israel will be restored (Ezekiel 16:55) Weapons of war will be destroyed (Ezekiel 39:9) The Temple will be rebuilt (Ezekiel 40) resuming many of the suspended mitzvot
87	Views of Maimonides He will then perfect the entire world to serve God together, as it is written (Zephaniah 3:9) Jews will know the Torah without Study (Jeremiah 31:33) He will give you all the desires of your heart (Psalms 37:4) He will take the barren land and make it abundant and fruitful (Isaiah 51:3, Amos 9:13-15, Ezekiel 36:29-30, Isaiah 11:6-9)