1	History of the Gospels: Introduction L. D. Alford www.lionelalford.com www.ldalford.com
2	Focus of Class Gospels as Greek Literature Literary context Basis for all modern literature Gospels as Histories Historical context Cultural context Basis of Western Civilization NT in terms of history and literature
3	Outline 1. Ancient cultures and history 2. Historical veracity and literature 3. Tellos of Matthew 4. Tellos of Mark 5. Tellos of Luke 6. Tellos of John & Tellic comparison
4	Summary 1. Introduction to ancient cultures and literature Course outline Rabbinic understanding of the Messiah No new law
5	New Testament Documents New Testament 27 separate historical works Historical documents—Historical documents written in Greek Language is critical
6	Language Significantly different than English (or other Germanic or Romance language) Simple language Geometrically based Sparse number of words compared to modern languages Many words describe complex concepts Modern languages tend to use modifiers to differentiate Singular meanings – words of the day
7	Greek Language 6 primary words for love άγαπάν (agape) έρως (eros) πόθος (pathos) φιλαω (philao) έπίθίμία (epithumia) στέργηθρον (sterguthron) All 6 translated love
8	Greek Words for Love άγαπάν (agape) – sacred word Charity – old English translation Sacrificial love Specifically love of the gods, both ways Rarely used of men – never in classical Greek Mother or father to children Translated Words KJV (116) - charitably + (2596), 1; charity, 27; dear, 1; feast of charity, 1; love, 86; NAS (115) - beloved, 1; love, 112; love feasts, 1; love's, 1;
9	Greek Words for Love έρως (eros) – romantic love X NTD πόθος (pathos) – passion whatever befalls one, sad or joyous spec. a calamity, mishap, evil, affliction a feeling which the mind suffers an affliction of the mind, emotion, passion passionate deed Greeks: either a good or bad sense NT: bad sense, depraved or vile passion Translated Words KJV (3) - affection, 1; inordinate affection, 1; lust, 1; NAS (3) - passion, 2; passions, 1;
10	Greek Words for Love φιλαω (philao) Brotherly love, tender love, affection to love approve of, like, sanction treat affectionately or kindly, welcome, befriend to show signs of love; to kiss to be fond of doing; be wont, use to do Translated Words KJV (25) - kiss, 3; love, 22; NAS (25) - kiss, 3; love, 13; loved, 3; loves, 6;
11	Greek Words for Love έπίθίμία (epithumia) Strong desire German – Lust desire, craving, longing, desire for what is forbidden, lust Translated Words KJV (38) - concupiscence, 3; desire, 3; lust, 31; lust after, 1; NAS (38) - coveting, 2; desire, 4; desires, 8; earnestly, 1; impulses, 1; long, 1; lust, 5; lustful, 1; lusts, 15;
12	Greek Words for Love στέργηθρον (sterguthron) Parental love Old shoe love Comfortable love X NTD
13	Greek Language Similar to other ancient languages – grammar is key Mnemonics Has vowels No punctuation No sentences No paragraphs No spaces between words
14	Greek Literature Focus is logical argument English Intro Body Conclusion Hebrew - parallelism Synopsis Body Greek – logical argument to a tellos Body
15	Greek Culture Use of language is a direct result of culture Culture is critical What was the culture? Established oriental monarchy All seven simple machines in use Domestication of animals and plants Established agrarian Established literacy Slavery based
16	Greek Culture Position of women, children Protection Protected Isolated
17	Greek Culture How did people tell time? Sun Concept of a year and day was illusive—Egyptians Sundial—1300 BC 10 hours of daylight 2 hours of twilight 12 hours of night Hours/minutes/seconds from—Babylonians 300 BC Supported temple sacrifices--Zosternism Past the OT period
18	Greek Culture Concept of time in the NT difficult Hebrews Greeks Romans Each had a different way of measuring the day Water clock in the temple
19	Greek Culture What about numbers? Fingers and toes Numerals Greek and Roman numbers 40 days and 40 nights—a long time, euphemism in Hebrew—beyond the numbers commonly available in Hebrew (the number of fingers and toes on two people) 70 times 7—eternity Greek euphemism—cannot accomplish math easily without Arabic base 10 numerals and null (zero)
20	Greek Culture What about fire? Belonged to God Kindled in the temple/distributed to the people Leviticus 10:1-2—illicit fire before God (Nadav and Avihu) Greek example What about sacrifice? Will explore this in depth later Taking the life of anything was viewed as taking from the province of God or gods
21	Greek Law What about Laws? Greek Law God’s Law - Torah Roman law Means to protect women, children, aged, handicapped requires strength and organization Roman law the freest for women in history Rule of law in development
22	Greek Religion What about religion? The world is a fearful and dangerous place No understanding of how things work—action of spirits Gods are in everything Paganism Pagan man sees spiritual action and forces in all things—therefore these spirits must be placated—back to the concept of sacrifice Slight inking of monotheism—Hebrews almost only monotheists
23	Greek Geography Geography is critical What is the climate of the Middle East? Changed radically over time Much due to human action Cedars of Lebanon—no more Spain and Greece were denuded of wood for building fleets Warfare Water depletion Herodotus writes of Xeres army depleting rivers Population—inheritance
24	Ancient Thinking ¶How did people think? Greek Philosophy Scientific method Legal-Historical method Greek rationalism Roman Hellenized Functional rationalism
25	Rabbinic View Hebrew – Rabbinic view Rabbinic focus When an OT quote is mentioned, it is an introduction a synopsis Note in NT – Septuagint Interpretation – understanding – pardes (acronym and mnemonic for peshat, remez, derash, and sod) Meaning is already there – the point is to tease out the complete understanding No room for multiple understandings
26	pardes Peshat – plain literal sense of a verse in its context Remez – allegorical or symbolic meaning only hinted at in the text Derash – homiletic interpretation to uncover an ethical or moral lesson thought to be implicit in the text Sod – secret, esoteric, or mystical interpretation, emphasized by the kabalists
27	pardes Derash first means of Rabinnic understanding Derash - from Hebrew for seek Subjective method Detailed and ingenious analysis of Unusual spelling Vocabulary Other elements Extensive cross-references Reveal the moral and ethical teachings (aggadah)
28	pardes According to JPS handbook -- Derash interpretation used by the rabbis “…until the rise of Islam 600 AD when Jewish scholars were exposed to Greek rational modes of thought and historical perspective, as well as the scientific study of language…” However, when were the Rabbis first exposed to Greek rational modes of thought? When did Rabbis have to contend with a real world historical perspective? When did language really begin to have a great effect on Hebrew thought?
29	pardes Peshat Developed 600 to 1100 AD Languished until the Enlightenment Archeology Ancient manuscripts Remez Allegorical understandings Reached height 14th to 16th centuries About the same time as in the Christian Church One of M. Luther’s main problems with the Catholic church was the use of allegory to explain those things in OT and NT documents that could be understood literally
30	Ancient Human Culture Our thinking about human culture of the past must wrap around the concept of ignorance and not lack of intelligence or wisdom Humans in different cultures are motivated differently Thinking and concepts of logic in development People in different cultures do think and act differently
31	Hebrew Covenants ¶Covenants in Hebrew thought Adamic – first to Adam alone, second: Noahic Abrahamic Mosaic Messianic age
32	Hebrew Covenants Adamic – first to Adam alone, second: All humankind All time No Law Messianic Noahic All humankind Until the destruction of the earth Implies it is created into the fabric of the creation All Law Messianic promise is continued
33	Hebrew Covenants Abrahamic All peoples will be blessed Messianic To Abraham and his seed For all time
34	Hebrew Covenants Mosaic To the CoI Law of God Expansion of Noahic Laws Til the end of the Creation dabar – bound in the Creation amar – bound outside the Creation Atonement except for intentional sin
35	Hebrew Covenants Messianic age No new law Complete atonement Revelation of the Messiah Only thanksgiving sacrifice required
36	Greek Language Μεσσίαν - Messiah Messias = "anointed" the Greek form of Messiah a name of Christ Translated Words KJV (2) - Messias, 2; NAS (2) - Messiah, 2;
37	Hebrew Language Mashiyach - Hebrew anointed, anointed one of the Messiah, Messianic prince of the king of Israel of the high priest of Israel of Cyrus of the patriarchs as anointed kings Translated Words KJV (39) - Messiah, 2; anointed, 37; NAS (39) - Anointed, 1; Messiah, 2; anointed, 34; anointed ones, 2;
38	Greek Language Χριστοΰ - Chirst Christ = "anointed" Christ was the Messiah, the Son of God anointed Translated Words KJV (569) - Christ, 569; NAS (531) - Christ, 516; Christ's, 11; Messiah, 4; Chrio khree'-o to anoint consecrating Jesus to the Messianic office, and furnishing him with the necessary powers for its administration enduing Christians with the gifts of the Holy Spirit Translated Words KJV (5) - anoint, 5; NAS (5) - anointed, 5; Verse
39	Greek Language συναγωγης - Synagogue a bringing together, gathering (as of fruits) an assembly a synagogue an assembly of Jews formally gathered together to offer prayers and listen to the reading and expositions of the scriptures; assemblies of that sort were held every sabbath and feast day, afterwards also on the second and fifth days of every week; name transferred to an assembly of Christians formally gathered together for religious purposes
40	Greek Language the buildings where those solemn Jewish assemblies are held. Synagogues seem to date their origin from the Babylonian exile. In the times of Jesus and the apostles every town, not only in Palestine, but also among the Gentiles if it contained a considerable number of Jewish inhabitants, had at least one synagogue, the larger towns several or even many. These were also used for trials and inflicting punishment. Translated Words KJV (57) - assembly, 1; congregation, 1; synagogue, 55; NAS (56) - assembly, 1; synagogue, 31; synagogues, 24
41	Greek Language suna - Sunago soon-ag'-o to gather together, to gather to draw together, collect of fishes, of a net in which they are caught to bring together, assemble, collect to join together, join in one (those previously separated) to gather together by convoking to be gathered, come together, gather, meet to lead with one's self into one's home, i.e. to receive hospitably, to entertain Translated Words KJV (62) - be assembled, 3; be gathered, 4; be gathered together, 12; come together, 6; gather, 15; gather together, 9; misc, 10; take in, 3; NAS (56) - assemble, 1; assembled, 5; came together, 1; convened, 1; gather, 10; gather together, 1; gather...together, 2; gathered, 9; gathered together, 14; gathered...together, 1; gathering, 3; gathering together, 1; invite, 2; invited, 1; met, 2; store, 2
42	Greek Language ραββί - Rabbi my great one, my honourable sir Rabbi, a title used by the Jews to address their teachers (and also honor them when not addressing them) Translated Words KJV (17) - Master (Christ), 9; Rabbi (Christ), 5; rabbi, 3; NAS (15) - Rabbi, 15
43	Greek Language Rab rab much, many, great much many abounding in more numerous than abundant, enough great strong greater than adv much, exceedingly n m captain, chief Translated Words KJV (458) - captain, 24; enough, 9; great, 118; greater, 4; greatly, 3; long, 10; many, 190; mighty, 5; misc, 40; more, 12; much, 36; multitude, 7; NAS (453) - Champion, 1; Great, 2; abound, 1; abounding, 4; abounds, 1; abundance, 1; abundant, 15; abundantly, 2; broad, 1; captain, 25; chief, 1; chief officers, 1; enough, 8; far enough, 2; full, 2; great, 83; great deal, 1; greater, 6; greatly, 5; heavy, 1; increased, 2; large, 6; larger, 4; leading officers, 1; long, 8; long enough, 2; many, 207; many things, 1; many times, 2; many...things, 1; masses, 1; mighty, 7; more, 5; more numerous, 1; much, 16; multitude, 2; numerous, 10; official, 1; older, 1; plentiful, 1; plenty, 2; populous, 1; powerful, 1; prevalent, 1; severe, 2; very, 2; who are many, 1; who was once great, 1;
44	Greek Language διδάσκαλος - didaskalos a teacher one who is fitted to teach, or thinks himself so Translated Words KJV (58) - Master (Jesus), 40; doctor, 1; master, 7; teacher, 10; NAS (59) - Teacher, 41; teacher, 10; teachers, 8; 1321 didasko (did-as'-ko); a prolonged (causative) form of a primary verb dao (to learn); to teach (in the same broad application): KJV-- teach.
45	Hebrew Covenant Law was inherent in Creation Not just devised Note comparison with Noahic covenant God’s revelation in the Covenant at the right time Particular step for God to bring the CoI and us into understanding of law There is much confusion on the Laws and laws under the covenant of the CoI
46	Hebrew Covenant Gentiles Covered by the Noahic covenant Acts declaration of first Jerusalem Council Can become Yoked to the Torah if convert to Judahism
47	Hebrew Covenant The Law of God is a physical representation of the Law God set in the creation Laws for individuals Noahic Mosaic – ten words Laws for society Laws of cleanliness Verbal Torah - Mishna
48	Hebrew Covenant Covenant incomplete because there no redemption for intentional sin Each earlier covenant is incomplete Points directly to the Messiah Rabbis understood the incomplete covenant and understood its limitations Following destruction of the Temple led to a more secular understanding of covenant Today covenant of Moses can’t be kept because no Temple
49	Hebrew Covenant Synagogue of Christ’s time had a legal as well as a religious function Lawyers and doctors of the Law were the men who presided over the synagogue to handle legal matters In ancient world all legal matters were local matters and punishments were handled by the people in their own communities
50	Hebrew Covenant Lawyers and doctors of Law acted as the Rabbis for their community Training was in the Torah and other scriptures as well as the Mishna, at this time verbal This verbal Mishna is what Christ knew and understood well With the destruction of the Temple, the role of the synagogue and of the Rabbis became more important
51	Jewish Understanding What is and was the Jewish understanding of the Messiah From Hebrew “mashiach” annointed Rule over restored kingdom of Israel where the dispersed Jews would be gathered at the end of days
52	Jewish Understanding Core belief in Judaism One of Maimonides (Rabbi Moshe ben Maimon —RaMBaM or the Rambam, 11th century) 13 principles of faith Existence of God Complete and total unity and uniqueness of God Incorporeality of God God is eternal God alone is to be worshiped and obeyed Prophecy Moses is the greatest prophet
53	Jewish Understanding Entire Torah was given by God to Moses Torah is unchangeable God knows man’s thoughts and deeds Rewards and punishments The coming of the Messiah (even though he may delay [a Jew must] anticipate every day that he will come) The resurrection of the dead
54	Jewish Understanding David’s descendents would rule the Jewish people forever 2 Sam 7:13 Messianic age Isa 11 Two messiahs King – Zech 9:9 Priest – Zech 6:13
55	Jewish Understanding Mashinach ben David Single Davidic King Conquer enemies of Israel Return the Jewish people from exile Rebuild the Temple Reinstitute the Mosaic sacrifices Mashinach be Joseph Precede the messianic king Be killed in an epic battle with the enemies of God and Israel
56	Jewish Understanding Human agent of divine redemption Riding into Jerusalem on a Donkey Zech 9:9 Clouds of heaven Dan 7:13 Born in Bethlehem the day the Temple was destroyed Mich 5:1 Present at the Creation, existing before the Creation Sits among the lepers Ascends the mount of olive heralded by a shofar blast Announces himself at Sukot during the Hellal
57	Jewish Understanding Modern views Reform Judaism Messianic age of universal justice Orthodox Judaism still holds to the doctrine of a personal messiah Modern practice Chair for Elijah at every circumcision (each Jewish child could be the Messiah) Born on Tisha b’Av 9th day of Av (July-Aug) Dead buried with feet facing Jerusalem awaiting the resurrection of the dead when the messiah comes
58	Views of Maimonides So this is the Jewish view What is missing? Psalms? Isaiah 51-53; where is the suffering servant? Where is the bridegroom redeemer? Ruth and Judges Mosaic covenant is incomplete No sacrifice for intentional sin No forgiveness but the grave Messiah required to complete the covenant
59	Summary Ancient cultures very different than ours – thinking was different Rabbinic understanding in first century was Messiah based Expectation of Jewish world
60	Overview 2. Historical prelude World Levant Jewish world
61	Greek Words and Language Σλλην Hellen (hel'-lane) a Hellen (Grecian) or inhabitant of Hellas; by extension a Greek-speaking person, especially a non-Jew: KJV-- Gentile, Greek.
62	Greek Words and Language Έκκλησίαν ekklesia (ek-klay-see'-ah) a calling out for an assembly The Athenian Democracy KJV-- assembly, church. ek (ek) or ex (ex); a primary preposition denoting origin (the point whence action or motion proceeds), from, out (of place, time, or cause; literal or figurative; direct or remote): KJV-- after, among, X are, at, betwixt (-yond), by (the means of), exceedingly, (+abundantly above), for (-th), from (among, forth, up), + grudgingly, + heartily, X heavenly, X hereby, + very highly, in, ...ly, (because, by reason) of, off (from), on, out among (from, of), over, since, X thenceforth, through, X unto, X vehemently, with (-out). Often used in composition, with the same general import; often of completion.
63	Greek Words and Language kaleo (kal-eh'-o); to "call" (properly, aloud, but used in a variety of applications, dir. or otherwise): KJV-- bid, call (forth), (whose, whose sur-) name (was [called]). Ρωμαίός Rhomaios (hro-mah'-yos) Romaean, i.e. Roman (as noun): KJV-- Roman, of Rome. Rhome (hro'-may); strength; Roma, the capital of Italy: KJV-- Rome.
64	Greek Words and Language rhonnumi (hrone'-noo-mee); prolongation from rhoomai (to dart); to strengthen, i.e. (impersonal passive) have health (as a parting exclamation, good-bye): KJV-- farewell. Ρωμαϊστί Rhomaisti (hro-mah-is-tee') Romaistically, i.e. in the Latin language: KJV-- Latin.
65	Greek Words and Language Βάρβαρος barbaros (bar'-bar-os) of uncertain derivation; a foreigner (i.e. non-Greek): KJV-- barbarian (-rous), foreigner, foreign
66	Jewish View of Law Law was inherent in Creation Not just devised Note comparison with Noahic covenant God’s revelation in the Covenant at the right time Particular step for God to bring the CoI and us into understanding of law
67	Jewish View of Law Much confusion on the Laws and laws under the covenant of the CoI Gentiles Covered by the Noahic covenant Can become Yoked to the Torah if convert to Judaism
68	Jewish View of Law The Law of God is a physical representation of the Law God set in the creation Laws for individuals Noahic Mosaic – ten words (synopsis of Torah) Laws for society – ten words (Torah) Laws of cleanliness – ten words (Torah) Verbal Torah - Mishna Talmud
69	Intentional Sin Num 15:30-31 (NIV) 30 "'But anyone who sins defiantly, whether native-born or alien, blasphemes the LORD, and that person must be cut off from his people. 31 Because he has despised the LORD's word and broken his commands, that person must surely be cut off; his guilt remains on him.'" Num 15:30-31 (NAS) 30 'But the person who does {anything} defiantly, whether he is native or an alien, that one is blaspheming the LORD; and that person shall be cut off from among his people. 31 'Because he has despised the word of the LORD and has broken His commandment, that person shall be completely cut off; his guilt {shall be} on him.'"
70	Jewish View of Law Covenant is incomplete because no redemption for intentional sin Each earlier covenant is incomplete JPS Handbook points to 31 unforgivable Points directly to a Messiah Rabbis understood the incomplete covenant and understood its limitations Following destruction of the Temple led to a more secular understanding of covenant Today covenant of Moses can’t be kept because no Temple
71	Jewish View of Law Training was in the Torah and other scriptures as well as the Mishna, at this time verbal Ancient writing mnemonics This verbal Mishna is what Christ knew and understood well Synagogue trained - Pharisaically trained With the destruction of the Temple, the role of the synagogue and of the Rabbis (Pharisees) became more important
72	World History ¶History is critical 400 BC to 0 AD Greeks City-state – each with a different political system Athens only democracy Constant war with each other and with outside enemies Greeks - not generally defeated or subjugated
73	World History Most important invention in thinking “Greek philosophy” Not separate from theology Direct separation from Paganism Direct separation from the world’s past way of thinking Key date 399 BC – death of Socrates How did we get there?
74	World History Alexander 336 takes kingship of Macedonia 323 dies in Babylon of illness Ushered in a new era in politics City-states under outside dominion Alexander sparked the imagination of so many cultures his empire became the model for the world
75	World History City-states modeled themselves after Greek (Hellenism) Adopted Greek language Greek culture Greek philosophy Greek science (same as philosophy) Greek religion Paganism Temples Oracles Mystery religion
76	World History Generals Seleucus Asia – Persia Seleucid empire Ptolemy Egypt Antigonus Macedon
77	World History Socrates – 399 BC Ushered in a critical change in thinking Death was the turning point of the Greek culture in moving from Paganism to Mysticism
78	World History Difference in Socrates and the other Greek philosophers is they did not focus their knowledge in religion Step toward Mystery religion Focus on a leader Revelation of a mystery Initiation rites Steps of knowledge to the full revelation Leads directly to Gnosticism – next step in religion Separation from a physical revelation
79	World History Greatest addition was not mystery religion, but a look at the world from a position of rationalism Peshat vs. Derash Concept of the world as rational History Science Logic (Socrates 469-399 BC Scientific method (Aristotle 384-322 BC) Historical-legal method (Herodotus 484–424 BC) Greek rational thought
80	Truth Logic (Socrates 469-399 BC Scientific method (Aristotle 384-322 BC) Historical-legal method (Herodotus 484–424 BC) Greek rationalism Basis of Western Civilization and thought
81	World History Romans 509 Republic established City-States with Rome as a part Not a world power until 200 BC First Punic war 264-241 BC defeats Carthage Second Punic war 218-201 defeats Hannibal Defeats Macedon 197 Defeats Syria 190 Third Punic war 149-146 Carthage raised (proves the effectiveness of war)
82	World History 49 BC Caesar crosses the Rubicon – beginning of the end of the Roman republic Caesar – beginning of the Emperors
83	World History - Conclusion Greek rational thought was the framework of the Gospels Brought to the known world by Alexander the Great through conquer Irrational (Derash) world accepted the mantel of Hellenistic thinking and culture Romans accepted and spread Greek rationalism with pluralism and new political construct – nation-state
84	Greek Language ήγεμών hegemon (hayg-em-ohn') a leader, i.e. chief person (or figuratively, place) of a province: KJV-- governor, prince, ruler. hegeomai (hayg-eh'-om-ahee); to lead, i.e. command (with official authority); figuratively, to deem, i.e. consider: KJV-- account, (be) chief, count, esteem, governor, judge, have the rule over, suppose, think.
85	Greek Language βασιλέως basileus (bas-il-yooce') notion of a foundation of power; a sovereign (abstractly, relatively, or figuratively): KJV-- king. basis (bas'-ece); from baino (to walk); a pace ("base"), i.e. (by implication) the foot: KJV-- foot.
86	Greek Language έθνάρχης ethnarches (eth-nar'-khace) the governor [not king] of a district: KJV-- ethnarch. ethnos (eth'-nos); a race (as of the same habit), i.e. a tribe; specially, a foreign (non-Jewish) one (usually by implication, pagan): KJV-- Gentile, heathen, nation, people. arche (ar-khay'); (properly abstract) a commencement, or (concretely) chief (in various applications of order, time, place, or rank): KJV-- beginning, corner, (at the, the) first (estate), magistrate, power, principality, principle, rule.
87	Greek Language τετραάρχης tetrarches (tet-rar'-khace) the ruler of a fourth part of a country ("tetrarch"): KJV-- tetrarch tessares (tes'-sar-es); tessara (tes'-sar-ah); a plural number; four: KJV-- four. archo (ar'-kho); to be first (in political rank or power): KJV-- reign (rule) over.
88	Greek Language ‘Іουδαίας – Judaea Γαλιλαίας – Galilee Ποντίου Πιλάτου – Pontius Pilate ‘Ηρώδου -- Herod
89	History - Levant History is critical 200 BC to 0 AD Greeks – following Alexander’s death Ptolemy Egypt Antigonus Macedon
90	Alexander
91	Seleucid Empire Seleucid empire - Seleucus Asia – Persia Controlled the Levant back and forth with Greek Egypt at this time Seleucid empire was in control Goal was Hellenization 175 BC Jason is the high priest – who has taken on a political controlling influence Antiochus IV is the head of the Seleucid empire Jason was open to Hellenization and built gymnasiums and encouraged priests to go to the sporting events Jason rebelled against Antiochus IV and Antiochus sent in troops
92	Israel Antiochus began a heavy program of Hellenization of the Jews Defiled the temple with swine Did not allow circumcision Prevented temple worship Built an alter to Zeus in the Temple– abomination of desolation (interpreted by the Rabbis) Precipitated a revolt 167 BC – the Maccabean revolt
93	Maccabean Revolt The Maccabean revolt - 167 BCE Started by Mattathias (priest) and his sons Beginning of the Hasmoneans Successful because the Romans are eating away at the Seleucid empire Simon proclaimed by people to be their leader and high priest Significant because (according to Josephus) Simon was not of the line of Aaron and not entitled to be high priest Simon and prior to him, his brother Jonathan proclaimed both high priest and king of Israel Line of Hasmoneans through Simon
94	Jewish Sects Proclamation of Simon as king and high priest caused a split into 4 Jewish sects Essenes Pharisees Sadducees Zealots
95	Jewish Sects Essenes Jewish tradition says may have been started by the ex-high priest prior to Jonathan Strictly interpreted Law and rejected many elements of Jewish “tradition” Example: tradition changed the date of the Passover to the first Friday following the 15 of Nissan, Essenes and Pharisees disagreed with this counting and the Essenes celebrated Passover on 15 Nissan—Christ had his Passover on 15 Nissan Thursday Separated from sacrificial Law Resurrection of dead Reward and punishment after life
96	Jewish Sects Pharisees Like the Essesens disagreed with the Hasmodeans as high priest and king Strongly supported the use of Oral Torah along with the Torah in the determination of Jewish Law Advocated greater leniency in punishments Believed in resurrection Believed in eternal punishment of the wicked Supported by the people Saul/Paul was a Pharisee
97	Jewish Sects Sadducees Held only Torah as basis for Law No resurrection No punishment after death Generally controlled Temple and high priest Zealots 6 AD founded by Judas of Galilee Basically Pharisees with an extremist bent Violently opposed the Romans and Hellenization
98	Roman Intervention Roman intervention Pompey 66BC sent to stabilize Syria Took Jerusalem and added Judea to Syria End of Hasmodean rule – Pompey appointed his chief lieutenant Gabinius as the administrator Hyrcanus II (a Hasmodean) was appointed high priest by Rome (Pompey), his advisor is Antipater (an Idumean, south of Judea and not a Jew) Antipater’s son was Herod (Herod Antipater)
99	Herod Herod Appointed administrator of Galilee Brother Phasael appointed administrator of Jerusalem Mark Anthony appointed Herod and Phasael as tetrarchs The Parthians invaded Syria and captured Phaseal and Hyrcanus II Phaseal committed suicide in prison Hyrcanus was mutilated so he could not be the high priest any longer
100	Herod Herod retreated to Masada and appealed to Rome 37 BC Rome accepted Herod’s appeal and made him the King of Judea At Herod’s request the last Hasmodean king, Antigonus was put to death Herod was a Idumean whose family had been forced to convert to Judaism at sword point Tied himself to Hasmodeans by marrying Mariamme a princess of the family Appointed her brother an Hasmodean (Aristobulis III) as high priest – Herod had him drowned in 35 BC because of his popularity eliminating the last of Hasmodeans
101	Herod Killed many of his own sons and his wives Caesar Augustus said, “It is better to be Herod’s pig than his son.” Herod’s greatest accomplishments were his building programs and Hellenization of the Levant Rebuilt the Temple in Jerusalem Also erected temples to the Roman gods Staged athletic games in Caesar’s honor Constructed the port at Caesarea Maritama Reequipped Masda Rebuilt many cities in Hellenistic style
102	Herod’s Legacy Herod’s children 4 BC, riots erupted at Herod’s death that the Roman legate of Syria, Varius had to suppress Herod’s will gave the kingdom to three of his sons (ratified by the Roman Senate) Judea, Samaria, and Idumea – Archelaus as ethnarch Galilee – Antipas as tetrarch Perea – Philip as tetrarch
103	Judea Judea 6 BC a delegation from the Jews and Samaritans convinced Augustus to exile Archelaus to Gaul (France) Judea was annexed to the Roman province of Syria and a procurator was appointed as the local administrator
104	Judea 6 to 41 AD six Roman procurators ruled Judea Administered from Caesarea Maritima Came to Jerusalem during the 3 pilgrim festivals Passover Shavuot Sukkot P. Sulpicius Quirinius 6 AD Started with a census Led to armed rebellion Fearing higher taxes and labor service Placed Ananus as high priest
105	Judea - Procurators Valerius Gratus Deposed Ananus 15 AD Appointed and deposed 3 other high priests Pontius Pilate 26 AD Ordered legionary standards into Jerusalem imagines (imago) – staffs bearing portraits of the deified and reigning emperors aquila – staffs bearing the legion’s eagle Caused a riot in Caesarea Maritum where there was a great slaughter Josephus tells us about the incident, but it is referred to in Luke
106	Pilate Luke 13:1-5 1 Now there were some present at that time who told Jesus about the Galileans whose blood Pilate had mixed with their sacrifices. 2 Jesus answered, "Do you think that these Galileans were worse sinners than all the other Galileans because they suffered this way? 3 I tell you, no! But unless you repent, you too will all perish. 4 Or those eighteen who died when the tower in Siloam fell on them-- do you think they were more guilty than all the others living in Jerusalem? 5 I tell you, no! But unless you repent, you too will all perish." (NIV) Built an aqueduct for Jerusalem Unfortunately used Temple funds
107	Herod Antipas Herod Antipas Tetrarch of Galilee Divorced his first Queen to marry Herodias wife of his late half-brother Philip Built Tiberias On the ruins of an ancient cemetery 39 AD Caligula exiled Herod Antipas to Gaul Awarded all the lands to Herod Agrippa (a grandson of Herod I)
108	Religious Focus Religious focus of the times World a fearful and dangerous place No understanding of how things work—action of spirits Gods in everything Paganism Pagan man sees spiritual action and forces in all things—therefore these spirits must be placated—back to the concept of sacrifice
109	Paganism Paganism Greeks, Romans, and everyone else Belief: gods in everything Becomes a pantheon Mystery religion Gnosticism – knowledge religion What about fire? Belonged to God Kindled in the temple/distributed to the people
110	Paganism Leviticus 10:1-2—illicit fire before God (Nadav and Avihu) Greek example What about sacrifice? Taking the life of anything was viewed as taking from the province of God or gods
111	Law What about Laws? God’s Law - Torah Roman law Means to protect women, children, aged, handicapped requires strength and organization Roman law the freest for women in history Rule of law in development
112	Law Jewish Law Laws for individuals Noahic Mosaic – ten words Laws for society Laws of cleanliness Verbal Torah - Mishna Religion changing – mystery religion based on Greek rationalism common Mystery religion paving way for Gnostics
113	Law Slight inking of monotheism—Hebrews almost only monotheists (mystery and Gnostics moving toward monotheism)
114	Conclusion Known world Hellenized Greek is the culture Greek is the language Total warfare and conflict until Roman law and control Conflicting world views and conflicting views of God 4 Jewish Sects developed Religious world in turmoil
115	Next Time Historical veracity and literature of the Gospels