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- Dr. L.D. Alford
- www.ldalford.com
- www.pilotlion.blogspot.com
- www.ldalford.wordpress.com
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2
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- Air Force Experimental Test Pilot
- Over 6000 hours in 64 different aircraft
- Education
- B.S. in Chemistry
- M.S. in Mechanical Engineering
- Ph.D. in Aerospace Engineering
- Engineering Consultant
- Author
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3
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- Anglo-Saxon – since HS
- Ancient Greek (Classical Greek) – since about 1984
- Ancient Hebrew – limited degree from about 1995
- I write about languages and cultures
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- The Second Mission
- Centurion
- Aegypt
- (more info www.ldalford.com)
- The End of Honor
- The Fox’s Honor
- A Season of Honor
- ($15 each or 3 for $40)
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- Generally about the historical period from 430 BC to 5 BC
- Malachi ca. 430 BC
- Birth of Jesus Christ 5 BC
- What happened in between?
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6
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- Generally concerning works of history and literature produced by the
Jewish people attributed to this period
- Greek documents primarily
- Some Hebrew and Aramaic documents
- We will also bring into play other supporting and applicable works
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7
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- “Books included in the Septuagint and Vulgate but excluded from the
Jewish and since 1826 from some Protestant canons of the Old Testament.”
- The Apocrypha
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8
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- 400 BC to 0 AD
- Greeks
- City-state – each with a different political system
- Athens only democracy
- Constant war with each other and with outside enemies
- Greeks - not generally defeated or subjugated
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9
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- Most important invention in thinking “Greek philosophy”
- Not separate from theology
- Direct separation from Paganism
- Direct separation from the world’s past way of thinking
- Key date 399 BC – death of Socrates
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10
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- Alexander
- 336 takes kingship of Macedonia
- 323 dies in Babylon of illness
- Ushered in a new era in politics
- City-states under outside dominion
- Alexander sparked the imagination of so many cultures his empire
became the model for the world
- City-states modeled themselves after Greek (Hellenism)
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11
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- Adopted Greek language
- Greek culture
- Greek philosophy
- Greek science (same as philosophy)
- Greek religion
- Paganism
- Temples
- Oracles
- Mystery religion
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12
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- Generals
- Seleucus
- Asia – Persia
- Seleucid empire
- Ptolemy
- Antigonus
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13
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- Socrates
- Ushered in a critical change in thinking
- Death was the turning point of the Greek culture in moving from
Paganism to Mysticism
- Difference in Socrates and the other Greek philosophers is they did
not focus their knowledge in religion
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14
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- Step toward Mystery religion
- Focus on a leader
- Revelation of a mystery
- Initiation rites
- Steps of knowledge to the full revelation
- Leads directly to Gnosticism – next step in religion
- Separation from a physical revelation
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15
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- Greatest addition was not mystery religion, but a look at the world
from a position of rationalism
- Peshat vs. Derash
- Concept of the world as rational
- History
- Science
- Scientific method (Aristotle 384-322 BC)
- Historical-legal method (Herodotus 484–424 BC)
- Greek rational thought
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16
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- Romans
- 509 BC Republic established
- City-States with Rome as a part
- Not a world power until 200 BC
- First Punic war 264-241 BC defeats Carthage
- Second Punic war 218-201 BC defeats Hannibal
- Defeats Macedon 197 BC
- Defeats Syria 190 BC
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17
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- Romans
- Third Punic war 149-146 BC Carthage raised (proves the effectiveness
of war and conflict)
- 49 BC Caesar crosses the Rubicon – beginning of the end of the Roman
republic
- Caesar – beginning of the Emperors
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18
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- Importance of this period unquestionable
- Critical events
- Development of the four Rabbinic Schools
- Babylonian
- Jerusalem
- The Gallil
- Alexandrian
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19
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- Development of four of the five major sects of Judaism
- Sadducees
- Pharisees
- Essenes
- Zealots
- Hellenization of Levant and “known” world
- Maccabean revolt and Jewish Messiah – king and high priest
- Roman subjugation of the Levant
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20
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- Herod and his progeny
- The third temple
- First was Solomon’s
- Second was Ezra’s
- Third was Herod’s
- All this sets up the events of the Gospels which bear little relation
to the OT descriptions or understanding
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21
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- Rabbinic focus is when a scripture is mentioned, it is an introduction
note
- Context is necessary
- Context is critical
- Verses were added much later
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22
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- Interpretation – understanding – pardes (acronym and mnemonic for
peshat, remez, derash, and sod)
- Meaning is already there – the point is to tease out the complete
understanding
- There is no room for multiple understandings
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23
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- Peshat – plain literal sense of a verse in its context
- Remez – allegorical or symbolic meaning only hinted at in the text
- Derash – homiletic interpretation to uncover an ethical or moral lesson
thought to be implicit in the text
- Sod – secret, esoteric, or mystical interpretation, emphasized by the
kabalists
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24
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- First means of Rabbinic understanding
- from Hebrew for seek
- Subjective method
- Detailed and ingenious analysis of
- Unusual spelling
- Vocabulary
- Other elements
- Extensive cross-references
- Reveal the moral and ethical teachings (aggadah)
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25
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- According to JPS handbook -- Derash interpretation used by the rabbis
“…until the rise of Islam 600 AD when Jewish scholars were exposed to
Greek rational modes of thought and historical perspective, as well as
the scientific study of language…”
- However
- When were the Rabbis exposed to Greek rational modes of thought?
- When did Rabbis have to contend with a real world historical
perspective?
- When did language really begin to have a great affect on Hebrew
thought?
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26
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- Developed 600 to 1100 AD
- Languished until the Enlightenment
- Archeology
- Ancient manuscripts
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27
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- Allegorical understandings
- Reached height 14th to 16th centuries
- About the same time as in the Christian Church
- One of M. Luther’s main problems with the Catholic church was the use
of allegory to explain those things in OT, A, and NT documents that
could be understood literally
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28
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- Our thinking about human culture of the past must wrap around the
concept of ignorance and not lack of intelligence or wisdom
- Humans in different cultures are motivated differently
- Thinking and concepts of logic in development
- People in different cultures do think and act differently
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29
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- Greek rational thought was the framework of the world
- Brought to the known world by Alexander the Great through conquer
- Irrational (Derash) world accepted the mantel of Hellenistic thinking
and culture
- Romans accepted and spread Greek rationalism with pluralism and new
political construct
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30
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- How did we get the canon (noncanon) of NT, A, and OT documents
- ca. 1250 BC - Torah – first 5 books handed by God to Moses (according
to Torah) (early Hebrew)
- ca. 1250 to 432 BC - Nevi'im ("Prophets") and Ketuvim
("Writings”) (early to late Hebrew and some Aramaic)
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- ca. 300 to 200 BC – Septuagint (LXX), Greek translation of Tanakh (all
above) plus Greek Jewish documents called Apocryphal
- ca. 432 BC to AD 100 – Greek Jewish documents called Apocryphal written
- ca. AD 35 to 100 – NT documents written (Greek). All quotations are from LXX.
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32
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- ca. AD 90 – Jewish Council of Jamnia set canon of Tanakh based on those
that had been composed in Hebrew and a reaction to teen Hodos (Greek
based NT documents) and may indicate most NT documents were already
composed
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33
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- ca. AD 100 to 1500 – Orthodox and Catholic’s viewed NT, A, and OT as
historical and authoritative.
Catholic authority came from Popes and Councils. Orthodox authority came from
councils. Neither specified the
canon of NT, A, or OT. They
accepted the documents based on legal-historical method. NT varied until around AD 300. OT and A were LXX documents.
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34
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- ca. AD 800 Masoretic text (vowel pointlets and standard pronunciation)
of Tanakh developed. Only Hebrew
and Aramaic of OT - Tanakh
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35
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- ca. AD 1500 – reformation reevaluated and specified canon based first
on legal-historical method and then inspiration. Luther tried to remove Hebrews,
James, Jude, and Revelation, he did place the Apocrypha in a separate
section. All complete Bibles
included OT, A, and NT. “Full
dogmatic articulations of the canons were not made until the Council of
Trent of 1546 for Roman Catholicism, the Thirty-Nine Articles of 1563
for the Church of England, the Westminster Confession of Faith of 1647
for British Calvinism, and the Synod of Jerusalem of 1672 for the Greek
Orthodox.”
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36
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- ca. AD 1826 – Due to printing costs, the British and Foreign Bible
Society decided that no BFBS funds were to pay for printing any
Apocryphal books anywhere. Since then, most modern editions of the
Bible and re-printings of the King James Bible omit the Apocrypha
section.
- Today, due to printing costs the Apocrypha was removed from most
English language Bibles – 200 years out of 2000 during most educated
(?) period of Christianity
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37
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38
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- Ezra with additions of letters from emperors and courts, supplemented
with material from the last two chapters of 2 Chronicles and the last
two chapters of Nehemiah
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39
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- Includes a debate before the king of Persia by 3 young courtiers on,
"What is the strongest thing in the world?"
- First maintains that it is wine
- Second that it is the king himself
- Third that women are stronger than either wine or kings, but that
"truth" and "the God of truth" are by far strongest
- This last young man is Zerubbabel, who for his prize receives generous
help from the king in rebuilding Jerusalem
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40
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- 3 NT Allusions
- 1. 1.5: Mt 6.29
- 2. 1.32: Mt 1.11
- 3. 4.38: 1Cor 13.13
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41
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- 1. 1.5: in accordance with the
directions of King David of Israel and the magnificence of his son
Solomon. Stand in order in the
temple according to the groupings of the ancestral houses of you
Levites, who minister before your kindred the people of Israel,
- Mt 6.29: yet I tell you, even
Solomon in all his glory was not clothed like one of these.
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42
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- 2. [UBS4] 1.32: In all Judea they mourned for Josiah. The prophet
Jeremiah lamented for Josiah, and the principal men, with the women,
have made lamentation for him to this day; it was ordained that this
should always be done throughout the whole nation of Israel.
- Mt 1.11: and Josiah the father of Jechoniah and his brothers, at the
time of the deportation to Babylon.
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43
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- 3. 4.38: But truth endures and is
strong forever, and lives and prevails forever and ever.
- 1Cor 13.13: And now faith, hope,
and love abide, these three; and the greatest of these is love.
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44
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- Additions to Ezra
- Which is accurate?
- Possible that Hebrew text was expurgated of pagan information
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45
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- Ezra Apocalypse
- Typical Jewish apocalypse, possibly first written in Greek about A.D.
100
- May have been originally written in Hebrew
- Appears to be a composite work, compiled of two or three sources
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46
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- Possible 2nd or 3rd century added some introductory and closing chapters
in which reference is made to Christ
- Original Jewish composition was not changed in any important respect
- Not included in Septuagint manuscripts
- Greek text has been lost
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47
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- Most important witness to the original text is the Latin version, which
was included in medieval manuscripts of the Vulgate
- Consists mostly of dialogues between Ezra and angels sent to him to
answer his urgent theological questions about the problem of evil, and
in particular the failures and afflictions of Israel
- Presented as if written long before by Ezra and hidden away
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48
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- Written as an encouragement to the Jews, who had recently suffered the
destruction of Jerusalem (A.D. 70)
- Also includes some symbolic prophecies concerning the Roman empire, in
which Rome is figured as a three-headed eagle that oppresses the world
and is finally destroyed by a roaring lion (a figure of the Messiah)
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49
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- Describes how the Hebrew Scriptures were all destroyed in the Babylonian
exile and then perfectly restored by the miraculous inspiration of Ezra
as he dictated all of the books to five scribes over a period of forty
days
- Along with the canonical books, Ezra dictates 70 secret books that are
to be reserved for the wise
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50
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- 2nd Esdras presented as being one of these secret books
- Martin Luther omitted 1st and 2nd Esdras from the Apocrypha of his
German Bible in 1534
- Both books were rejected by the Roman Catholics at the Council of Trent
in 1546. Nevertheless, they were included in the Apocrypha of the King
James version.
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51
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- 21 NT Allusions
- 1. 3.21-26: Rom 5.12 *1Cor 15.45
- 2. 4.8: Jn 3.13
Rom 10.6
- 3. 4.35-37: Rom 11.25 *Rev 6.9-11
- 4. 6.25: Mt 10.22:
Mk 13.13
- 5. 7.6-14 Mt 7.13 (*-14)
- 6. 7.11 Rom 8.19
- 7. 7.14 Mt 5.11
- 8. 7.36 Lk 16.26 *Lk 16.23
- 9. 7.72: Rom 7.23
- 10. 7.75 Rom 8.19
- 11. 7.77 Mt 6.20
- 12. 7.113 Mt 13.39
- 13. 7.118-119 Rom 5.16
- 14. 8.3 Mt 22.14
- 15. 8.41 Mt 13.3 (*-8; par Mk 4.3-8)) Mk 4.14 Mt 22.14
- 16. 8.60 Rom 1.21
- 17. 9.31-37 Mt 13.3 (*-8; par Mk 4.3-8)) Mk 4.14
- 18. 9.37 Rom 7.12
- 19. 10.9 Rom 8.22
- 20. 12.42 2Pt 1.19
- 21. 13.30-32 Mk 13.8
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52
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- 1. 3.21-26: For the first Adam,
burdened with an evil heart, transgressed and was overcome, as were also
all who were descended from him.
Thus the disease became permanent; the law was in the hearts of
the people along with its evil root; but what was good departed, and the
evil remained. So the time passed
and the years were completed, and you raised up for yourself a servant,
named David. You commanded him to
build a city for your name, and there to offer you oblations from what
is yours. This was done for many
years; but the inhabitants of the city transgressed, in everything doing
just as Adam and all his descendants had done, for they also had the
evil heart.
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53
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- Rom 5.12: Therefore, just as sin
came into the world through one man, and death came through sin, and so
death spread to all because all have sinned –
- *1Cor 15.45: Thus it is written, "The first man, Adam, became a
living being"; the last Adam became a life-giving spirit.
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54
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- 2. 4.8: perhaps you would have
said to me, ‘I never went down into the deep, nor as yet into Hades,
neither did I ever ascend into heaven.’
- Jn 3.13: No one has ascended into
heaven except the one who descended from heaven, the Son of Man.
- Rom 10.6: But the righteousness
that comes from faith says, “Do not say in your heart, ‘who will ascend
into heaven?’” (that is, to bring Christ down)
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55
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- 3. 4.35-37: Did not the souls of
the righteous in their chambers ask about these matters, saying, ‘How
long are we to remain here? And
when will the harvest of our reward come?’ And the archangel Jeremiel answered
and said, ‘When the number of those like yourselves is completed; for he
has weighted the age in the balance, and measured the times by measure,
and numbered the times by number; and he will not more or arouse them
until that measure is fulfilled.’
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56
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- Rom 11.25: So that you may not
claim to be wiser than you are, brothers and sisters, I want you to
understand this mystery: a
hardening has come upon part of Israel until the full number of the
Gentiles has come in.
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57
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- *Rev 6.9-11: When he opened the
fifth seal, I saw under the altar the souls of those who had been
slaughtered for the word of God and for the testimony they had given;
they cried out with a loud voice, “Sovereign Lord, holy and true, how
long will it be before you judge and avenge our blood on the inhabitants
of the earth?” They were each
given a white robe and told to rest a little longer, until the number
would be complete both of their fellow servants and of their brothers
and sisters, who were soon to be killed as they themselves had been
killed.
- 4. 6.25: It shall be that whoever
remains after all that I have foretold to you shall be saved and shall
see my salvation and the end of the world.
- Mt 10.22: and you will be hared
by all because of my name. But
the one who endures to the end will be saved.
- Mk 13.13: and you will be hated by all because of my name. But the one
who endures to the end will be saved.
- 5. 7.6-14: Another example: There is a city built and set on a plain,
and it is full of all good things; but the entrance to it is narrow
and set in a precipitous place, so that there is fire on the right hand
and deep water on the left. There is only one path lying between them,
that is, between the fire and the water, so that only one person can
walk on the path. If now the city
is given to someone as an inheritance, how will the heir receive the
inheritance unless by passing through the appointed danger?"
I said, "That is right, lord." He said to me,
"So also is Israel's portion.
For I made the world for their sake, and when Adam transgressed
my statutes, what had been made was judged. And so the entrances of this world
were made narrow and sorrowful and toilsome; they are few and evil, full
of dangers and involved in great hardships. But the entrances of the greater world
are broad and safe, and yield the fruit of immortality. Therefore unless the living pass
through the difficult and futile experiences, they can never receive
those things that have been reserved for them.
- Mt 7.13 (*-14): Enter through
the narrow gate; for the gate is wide and the road is easy that leads to
destruction, and there are many who take it. For the gate is narrow and the road is
hard that leads to life, and there are few who find it.
- 6. 7.11: For I made the world for their sake, and when Adam transgressed
my statutes, what had been made was judged.
- Rom 8.19: For the creation waits
with eager longing for the revealing of the children of God.
- 7. 7.14: Therefore unless the living pass through the difficult and
futile experiences, they can never receive those things that have been
reserved for them.
- Mt 5.11: Blessed are you when
people revile you and persecute you and utter all kinds of evil against
you falsely on my account.
- 8. 7.36: The pit of torment shall appear, and opposite it shall be the
place of rest; and the furnace of hell shall be disclosed, and opposite
it the paradise of delight.
- Lk 16.26: Besides all this,
between you and us a great chasm has been fixed, so that those who might
want to pass from here to you cannot do so, and no one can cross from
there to us.
- *Lk 16.23: In Hades, where he
was being tormented, he looked up and saw Abraham far away with Lazarus
by his side.
- 9. 7.72: For this reason, therefore, those who live on earth shall be
tormented, because though they had understanding, they committed
iniquity; and though they received the commandments, they did not keep
them; and though they obtained the law, they dealt unfaithfully with
what they received.
- Rom 7.23: but I see in my
members another law at war with the law of my mind, making me captive to
the law of sin that dwells in my members.
- 10. 7.75: I answered and said, "If I have found favor in your
sight, O Lord, show this also to your servant: whether after death, as
soon as everyone of us yields up the soul, we shall be kept in rest
until those times come when you will renew the creation, or whether we
shall be tormented at once?"
- Rom 8.19: For the creation waits
with eager longing for the revealing of the children of God.
- 11. 7.77: For you have a treasure of works stored up with the Most High,
but it will not be shown to you until the last times.
- Mt 6.20: but store up for yourselves treasures in heaven, where neither
moth nor rust consumes and where thieves do not break in and steal.
- 12. 7.113: But the day of judgment will be the end of this age and the
beginning of the immortal age to come, in which corruption has passed
away,
- Mt 13.39: and the enemy who sowed them is the devil; the harvest is the
end of the age, and the reapers are angels.
- 13. 7.118-119: O Adam, what have you done? For though it was you who
sinned, the fall was not yours alone, but ours also who are your
descendants. For what good is it
to us, if an immortal time has been promised to us, but we have done
deeds that bring death?
- Rom 5.16: And the free gift is not like the effect of the one man's
sin. For the judgment following one trespass brought condemnation, but
the free gift following many trespasses brings justification.
- 14. 8.3: Many have been created,
but only a few shall be saved.
- Mt 22.14: For many are called,
but few are chosen.
- 15. 8.41: For just as the farmer sows many seeds in the ground and
plants a multitude of seedlings, and yet not all that have been sown
will come up in due season, and not all that were planted will take
root; so also those who have been sown in the world will not all be
saved.
- Mt 13.3 (*-8; par Mk 4.3-8)): And he told them many things in parables,
saying: "Listen! A sower went out to sow. And as he sowed, some seeds fell on
the path, and the birds came and ate them up. Other seeds fell on rocky ground,
where they did not have much soil, and they sprang up quickly, since
they had no depth of soil. But
when the sun rose, they were scorched; and since they had no root, they
withered away. Other seeds fell
among thorns, and the thorns grew up and choked them. Other seeds fell on good soil and
brought forth grain, some a hundredfold, some sixty, some thirty.
- Mk 4.14: The sower sows the word.
- Mt 22.14: For many are called,
but few are chosen.
- 16. 8.60: but those who were created have themselves defiled the name of
him who made them, and have been ungrateful to him who prepared life for
them now.
- Rom 1.21: for though they knew God, they did not honor him as God or
give thanks to him, but they became futile in their thinking, and their
senseless minds were darkened.
- 17. 9.31-37: For I sow my law in you, and it shall bring forth fruit in
you, and you shall be glorified through it forever.' But though our ancestors received the
law, they did not keep it and did not observe the statutes; yet the
fruit of the law did not perish--for it could not, because it was
yours. Yet those who received it
perished, because they did not keep what had been sown in them. Now this is the general rule that,
when the ground has received seed, or the sea a ship, or any dish food
or drink, and when it comes about that what was sown or what was
launched or what was put in is destroyed, they are destroyed, but the
things that held them remain; yet with us it has not been so. For we who have received the law and
sinned will perish, as well as our hearts that received it; the law,
however, does not perish but survives in its glory.
- Mt 13.3 (*-8; par Mk 4.3-8)): And he told them many things in parables,
saying: "Listen! A sower went out to sow. And as he sowed, some seeds fell on
the path, and the birds came and ate them up. Other seeds fell on rocky ground,
where they did not have much soil, and they sprang up quickly, since
they had no depth of soil. But
when the sun rose, they were scorched; and since they had no root, they
withered away. Other seeds fell
among thorns, and the thorns grew up and choked them. Other seeds fell on good soil and
brought forth grain, some a hundredfold, some sixty, some thirty.
- Mk 4.14: The sower sows the word.
- 18. 9.37: the law, however, does not perish but survives in its glory.
- Rom 7.12: So the law is holy, and the commandment is holy and just and
good.
- 19. 10.9: Now ask the earth, and she will tell you that it is she who
ought to mourn over so many who have come into being upon her.
- Rom 8.22: We know that the whole creation has been groaning in labor
pains until now;
- 20. 12.42: For of all the prophets you alone are left to us, like a
cluster of grapes from the vintage, and like a lamp in a dark place, and
like a haven for a ship saved from a storm.
- 2Pt 1.19: So we have the prophetic message more fully confirmed. You
will do well to be attentive to this as to a lamp shining in a dark
place, until the day dawns and the morning star rises in your hearts.
- 21. 13.30-32: And bewilderment of mind shall come over those who inhabit
the earth. They shall plan to
make war against one another, city against city, place against place,
people against people, and kingdom against kingdom. When these things take place and the
signs occur that I showed you before, then my Son will be revealed, whom
you saw as a man coming up from the sea.
- Mk 13.8: For nation will rise against nation, and kingdom against
kingdom; there will be earthquakes in various places; there will be
famines. This is but the beginning of the birth pangs.
- ¶ How did people think?
- Greek
- Roman
- Hebrew
- Rabbidic focus is when a scripture is mentioned, it is an introduction
note in NT
- Interpretation – understanding – pardes (acronym and mnemonic for
peshat, remez, derash, and sod)
- Meaning is already there – the point is to tease out the complete
understanding
- There is no room for multiple understandings
- Peshat – plain literal sense of a verse in its context
- Remez – allegorical or symbolic meaning only hinted at in the text
- Derash – homiletic interpretation to uncover an ethical or moral
lesson thought to be implicit in the text
- Sod – secret, esoteric, or mystical interpretation, emphasized by the
kabalists
- Derash first means of Rabinnic understanding
- Derash
- from Hebrew for seek
- Subjective method
- Detailed and ingenious analysis of
- Unusual spelling
- Vocabulary
- Other elements
- Extensive cross-references
- Reveal the moral and ethical teachings (aggadah)
- According to JPS handbook -- Derash interpretation used by the rabbis
“…until the rise of Islam 600 AD when Jewish scholars were exposed to
Greek rational modes of thought and historical perspective, as well
as the scientific study of language…”
- However
- When were the Rabbis exposed to Greek rational modes of thought?
- When did Rabbis have to contend with a real world historical
perspective?
- When did language really begin to have a great affect on Hebrew
thought?
- Peshat
- Developed 600 to 1100 AD
- Languished until the Enlightenment
- Archeology
- Ancient manuscripts
- Remez
- Allegorical understandings
- Reached height 14th to 16th centuries
- About the same time as in the Christian Church
- One of M. Luther’s main problems with the Catholic church was the use
of allegory to explain those things in OT and NT documents that could
be understood literally
- Our thinking about human culture of the past must wrap around the
concept of ignorance and not lack of intelligence or wisdom
- Humans in different cultures are motivated differently
- Thinking and concepts of logic in development
- People in different cultures do think and act differently
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58
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- *Rev 6.9-11: When he opened the
fifth seal, I saw under the altar the souls of those who had been
slaughtered for the word of God and for the testimony they had given;
they cried out with a loud voice, “Sovereign Lord, holy and true, how
long will it be before you judge and avenge our blood on the inhabitants
of the earth?” They were each
given a white robe and told to rest a little longer, until the number
would be complete both of their fellow servants and of their brothers
and sisters, who were soon to be killed as they themselves had been
killed.
- 4. 6.25: It shall be that whoever
remains after all that I have foretold to you shall be saved and shall
see my salvation and the end of the world.
- Mt 10.22: and you will be hared
by all because of my name. But
the one who endures to the end will be saved.
- Mk 13.13: and you will be hated by all because of my name. But the one
who endures to the end will be saved.
- 5. 7.6-14: Another example: There is a city built and set on a plain,
and it is full of all good things; but the entrance to it is narrow
and set in a precipitous place, so that there is fire on the right hand
and deep water on the left. There is only one path lying between them,
that is, between the fire and the water, so that only one person can
walk on the path. If now the city
is given to someone as an inheritance, how will the heir receive the
inheritance unless by passing through the appointed danger?"
I said, "That is right, lord." He said to me,
"So also is Israel's portion.
For I made the world for their sake, and when Adam transgressed
my statutes, what had been made was judged. And so the entrances of this world
were made narrow and sorrowful and toilsome; they are few and evil, full
of dangers and involved in great hardships. But the entrances of the greater world
are broad and safe, and yield the fruit of immortality. Therefore unless the living pass
through the difficult and futile experiences, they can never receive
those things that have been reserved for them.
- Mt 7.13 (*-14): Enter through
the narrow gate; for the gate is wide and the road is easy that leads to
destruction, and there are many who take it. For the gate is narrow and the road is
hard that leads to life, and there are few who find it.
- 6. 7.11: For I made the world for their sake, and when Adam transgressed
my statutes, what had been made was judged.
- Rom 8.19: For the creation waits
with eager longing for the revealing of the children of God.
- 7. 7.14: Therefore unless the living pass through the difficult and
futile experiences, they can never receive those things that have been
reserved for them.
- Mt 5.11: Blessed are you when
people revile you and persecute you and utter all kinds of evil against
you falsely on my account.
- 8. 7.36: The pit of torment shall appear, and opposite it shall be the
place of rest; and the furnace of hell shall be disclosed, and opposite
it the paradise of delight.
- Lk 16.26: Besides all this,
between you and us a great chasm has been fixed, so that those who might
want to pass from here to you cannot do so, and no one can cross from
there to us.
- *Lk 16.23: In Hades, where he
was being tormented, he looked up and saw Abraham far away with Lazarus
by his side.
- 9. 7.72: For this reason, therefore, those who live on earth shall be
tormented, because though they had understanding, they committed
iniquity; and though they received the commandments, they did not keep
them; and though they obtained the law, they dealt unfaithfully with
what they received.
- Rom 7.23: but I see in my
members another law at war with the law of my mind, making me captive to
the law of sin that dwells in my members.
- 10. 7.75: I answered and said, "If I have found favor in your
sight, O Lord, show this also to your servant: whether after death, as
soon as everyone of us yields up the soul, we shall be kept in rest
until those times come when you will renew the creation, or whether we
shall be tormented at once?"
- Rom 8.19: For the creation waits
with eager longing for the revealing of the children of God.
- 11. 7.77: For you have a treasure of works stored up with the Most High,
but it will not be shown to you until the last times.
- Mt 6.20: but store up for yourselves treasures in heaven, where neither
moth nor rust consumes and where thieves do not break in and steal.
- 12. 7.113: But the day of judgment will be the end of this age and the
beginning of the immortal age to come, in which corruption has passed
away,
- Mt 13.39: and the enemy who sowed them is the devil; the harvest is the
end of the age, and the reapers are angels.
- 13. 7.118-119: O Adam, what have you done? For though it was you who
sinned, the fall was not yours alone, but ours also who are your
descendants. For what good is it
to us, if an immortal time has been promised to us, but we have done
deeds that bring death?
- Rom 5.16: And the free gift is not like the effect of the one man's
sin. For the judgment following one trespass brought condemnation, but
the free gift following many trespasses brings justification.
- 14. 8.3: Many have been created,
but only a few shall be saved.
- Mt 22.14: For many are called,
but few are chosen.
- 15. 8.41: For just as the farmer sows many seeds in the ground and
plants a multitude of seedlings, and yet not all that have been sown
will come up in due season, and not all that were planted will take
root; so also those who have been sown in the world will not all be
saved.
- Mt 13.3 (*-8; par Mk 4.3-8)): And he told them many things in parables,
saying: "Listen! A sower went out to sow. And as he sowed, some seeds fell on
the path, and the birds came and ate them up. Other seeds fell on rocky ground,
where they did not have much soil, and they sprang up quickly, since
they had no depth of soil. But
when the sun rose, they were scorched; and since they had no root, they
withered away. Other seeds fell
among thorns, and the thorns grew up and choked them. Other seeds fell on good soil and
brought forth grain, some a hundredfold, some sixty, some thirty.
- Mk 4.14: The sower sows the word.
- Mt 22.14: For many are called,
but few are chosen.
- 16. 8.60: but those who were created have themselves defiled the name of
him who made them, and have been ungrateful to him who prepared life for
them now.
- Rom 1.21: for though they knew God, they did not honor him as God or
give thanks to him, but they became futile in their thinking, and their
senseless minds were darkened.
- 17. 9.31-37: For I sow my law in you, and it shall bring forth fruit in
you, and you shall be glorified through it forever.' But though our ancestors received the
law, they did not keep it and did not observe the statutes; yet the
fruit of the law did not perish--for it could not, because it was
yours. Yet those who received it
perished, because they did not keep what had been sown in them. Now this is the general rule that,
when the ground has received seed, or the sea a ship, or any dish food
or drink, and when it comes about that what was sown or what was
launched or what was put in is destroyed, they are destroyed, but the
things that held them remain; yet with us it has not been so. For we who have received the law and
sinned will perish, as well as our hearts that received it; the law,
however, does not perish but survives in its glory.
- Mt 13.3 (*-8; par Mk 4.3-8)): And he told them many things in parables,
saying: "Listen! A sower went out to sow. And as he sowed, some seeds fell on
the path, and the birds came and ate them up. Other seeds fell on rocky ground,
where they did not have much soil, and they sprang up quickly, since
they had no depth of soil. But
when the sun rose, they were scorched; and since they had no root, they
withered away. Other seeds fell
among thorns, and the thorns grew up and choked them. Other seeds fell on good soil and
brought forth grain, some a hundredfold, some sixty, some thirty.
- Mk 4.14: The sower sows the word.
- 18. 9.37: the law, however, does not perish but survives in its glory.
- Rom 7.12: So the law is holy, and the commandment is holy and just and
good.
- 19. 10.9: Now ask the earth, and she will tell you that it is she who
ought to mourn over so many who have come into being upon her.
- Rom 8.22: We know that the whole creation has been groaning in labor
pains until now;
- 20. 12.42: For of all the prophets you alone are left to us, like a
cluster of grapes from the vintage, and like a lamp in a dark place, and
like a haven for a ship saved from a storm.
- 2Pt 1.19: So we have the prophetic message more fully confirmed. You
will do well to be attentive to this as to a lamp shining in a dark
place, until the day dawns and the morning star rises in your hearts.
- 21. 13.30-32: And bewilderment of mind shall come over those who inhabit
the earth. They shall plan to
make war against one another, city against city, place against place,
people against people, and kingdom against kingdom. When these things take place and the
signs occur that I showed you before, then my Son will be revealed, whom
you saw as a man coming up from the sea.
- Mk 13.8: For nation will rise against nation, and kingdom against
kingdom; there will be earthquakes in various places; there will be
famines. This is but the beginning of the birth pangs.
- ¶ How did people think?
- Greek
- Roman
- Hebrew
- Rabbidic focus is when a scripture is mentioned, it is an introduction
note in NT
- Interpretation – understanding – pardes (acronym and mnemonic for
peshat, remez, derash, and sod)
- Meaning is already there – the point is to tease out the complete
understanding
- There is no room for multiple understandings
- Peshat – plain literal sense of a verse in its context
- Remez – allegorical or symbolic meaning only hinted at in the text
- Derash – homiletic interpretation to uncover an ethical or moral
lesson thought to be implicit in the text
- Sod – secret, esoteric, or mystical interpretation, emphasized by the
kabalists
- Derash first means of Rabinnic understanding
- Derash
- from Hebrew for seek
- Subjective method
- Detailed and ingenious analysis of
- Unusual spelling
- Vocabulary
- Other elements
- Extensive cross-references
- Reveal the moral and ethical teachings (aggadah)
- According to JPS handbook -- Derash interpretation used by the rabbis
“…until the rise of Islam 600 AD when Jewish scholars were exposed to
Greek rational modes of thought and historical perspective, as well
as the scientific study of language…”
- However
- When were the Rabbis exposed to Greek rational modes of thought?
- When did Rabbis have to contend with a real world historical
perspective?
- When did language really begin to have a great affect on Hebrew
thought?
- Peshat
- Developed 600 to 1100 AD
- Languished until the Enlightenment
- Archeology
- Ancient manuscripts
- Remez
- Allegorical understandings
- Reached height 14th to 16th centuries
- About the same time as in the Christian Church
- One of M. Luther’s main problems with the Catholic church was the use
of allegory to explain those things in OT and NT documents that could
be understood literally
- Our thinking about human culture of the past must wrap around the
concept of ignorance and not lack of intelligence or wisdom
- Humans in different cultures are motivated differently
- Thinking and concepts of logic in development
- People in different cultures do think and act differently
|
|
59
|
- 4. 6.25: It shall be that whoever
remains after all that I have foretold to you shall be saved and shall
see my salvation and the end of the world.
- Mt 10.22: and you will be hared
by all because of my name. But
the one who endures to the end will be saved.
- Mk 13.13: and you will be hated by all because of my name. But the one
who endures to the end will be saved.
|
|
60
|
- 5. 7.6-14: Another example: There is a city built and set on a plain,
and it is full of all good things; but the entrance to it is narrow
and set in a precipitous place, so that there is fire on the right hand
and deep water on the left. There is only one path lying between them,
that is, between the fire and the water, so that only one person can
walk on the path. If now the city
is given to someone as an inheritance, how will the heir receive the
inheritance unless by passing through the appointed danger?"
|
|
61
|
- 5. 7.6-14: I said, "That is right, lord." He said to me,
"So also is Israel's portion.
For I made the world for their sake, and when Adam transgressed
my statutes, what had been made was judged. And so the entrances of this world
were made narrow and sorrowful and toilsome; they are few and evil, full
of dangers and involved in great hardships. But the entrances of the greater world
are broad and safe, and yield the fruit of immortality. Therefore unless the living pass
through the difficult and futile experiences, they can never receive
those things that have been reserved for them.
|
|
62
|
- Mt 7.13 (*-14): Enter through the
narrow gate; for the gate is wide and the road is easy that leads to
destruction, and there are many who take it. For the gate is narrow and the road is
hard that leads to life, and there are few who find it.
|
|
63
|
- 6. 7.11: For I made the world for their sake, and when Adam transgressed
my statutes, what had been made was judged.
- Rom 8.19: For the creation waits
with eager longing for the revealing of the children of God.
|
|
64
|
- 7. 7.14: Therefore unless the living pass through the difficult and
futile experiences, they can never receive those things that have been
reserved for them.
- Mt 5.11: Blessed are you when
people revile you and persecute you and utter all kinds of evil against
you falsely on my account.
|
|
65
|
- 8. 7.36: The pit of torment shall appear, and opposite it shall be the
place of rest; and the furnace of hell shall be disclosed, and opposite
it the paradise of delight.
- Lk 16.26: Besides all this,
between you and us a great chasm has been fixed, so that those who might
want to pass from here to you cannot do so, and no one can cross from
there to us.
- *Lk 16.23: In Hades, where he was
being tormented, he looked up and saw Abraham far away with Lazarus by
his side.
|
|
66
|
- 9. 7.72: For this reason, therefore, those who live on earth shall be
tormented, because though they had understanding, they committed
iniquity; and though they received the commandments, they did not keep
them; and though they obtained the law, they dealt unfaithfully with
what they received.
- Rom 7.23: but I see in my members
another law at war with the law of my mind, making me captive to the law
of sin that dwells in my members.
|
|
67
|
- 10. 7.75: I answered and said, "If I have found favor in your
sight, O Lord, show this also to your servant: whether after death, as
soon as everyone of us yields up the soul, we shall be kept in rest
until those times come when you will renew the creation, or whether we
shall be tormented at once?"
- Rom 8.19: For the creation waits
with eager longing for the revealing of the children of God.
|
|
68
|
- 11. 7.77: For you have a treasure of works stored up with the Most High,
but it will not be shown to you until the last times.
- Mt 6.20: but store up for yourselves treasures in heaven, where neither
moth nor rust consumes and where thieves do not break in and steal.
|
|
69
|
- 12. 7.113: But the day of judgment will be the end of this age and the
beginning of the immortal age to come, in which corruption has passed
away,
- Mt 13.39: and the enemy who sowed them is the devil; the harvest is the
end of the age, and the reapers are angels.
|
|
70
|
- 13. 7.118-119: O Adam, what have you done? For though it was you who
sinned, the fall was not yours alone, but ours also who are your
descendants. For what good is it
to us, if an immortal time has been promised to us, but we have done
deeds that bring death?
- Rom 5.16: And the free gift is not like the effect of the one man's sin.
For the judgment following one trespass brought condemnation, but the
free gift following many trespasses brings justification.
|
|
71
|
- 14. 8.3: Many have been created,
but only a few shall be saved.
- Mt 22.14: For many are called,
but few are chosen.
|
|
72
|
- 15. 8.41: For just as the farmer sows many seeds in the ground and
plants a multitude of seedlings, and yet not all that have been sown
will come up in due season, and not all that were planted will take
root; so also those who have been sown in the world will not all be
saved.
|
|
73
|
- Mt 13.3 (*-8; par Mk 4.3-8)): And he told them many things in parables,
saying: "Listen! A sower went out to sow. And as he sowed, some seeds fell on
the path, and the birds came and ate them up. Other seeds fell on rocky ground,
where they did not have much soil, and they sprang up quickly, since
they had no depth of soil. But
when the sun rose, they were scorched; and since they had no root, they
withered away. Other seeds fell
among thorns, and the thorns grew up and choked them. Other seeds fell on good soil and
brought forth grain, some a hundredfold, some sixty, some thirty.
|
|
74
|
- Mk 4.14: The sower sows the word.
- Mt 22.14: For many are called,
but few are chosen.
|
|
75
|
- 16. 8.60: but those who were created have themselves defiled the name of
him who made them, and have been ungrateful to him who prepared life for
them now.
- Rom 1.21: for though they knew God, they did not honor him as God or
give thanks to him, but they became futile in their thinking, and their
senseless minds were darkened.
|
|
76
|
- 17. 9.31-37: For I sow my law in you, and it shall bring forth fruit in
you, and you shall be glorified through it forever.' But though our ancestors received the
law, they did not keep it and did not observe the statutes; yet the
fruit of the law did not perish--for it could not, because it was
yours. Yet those who received it
perished, because they did not keep what had been sown in them.
|
|
77
|
- 17. 9.31-37: Now this is the general rule that, when the ground has
received seed, or the sea a ship, or any dish food or drink, and when it
comes about that what was sown or what was launched or what was put in
is destroyed, they are destroyed, but the things that held them remain;
yet with us it has not been so.
For we who have received the law and sinned will perish, as well
as our hearts that received it; the law, however, does not perish but
survives in its glory.
|
|
78
|
- Mt 13.3 (*-8; par Mk 4.3-8)): And he told them many things in parables,
saying: "Listen! A sower went out to sow. And as he sowed, some seeds fell on
the path, and the birds came and ate them up. Other seeds fell on rocky ground,
where they did not have much soil, and they sprang up quickly, since
they had no depth of soil. But
when the sun rose, they were scorched; and since they had no root, they
withered away. Other seeds fell
among thorns, and the thorns grew up and choked them. Other seeds fell on good soil and
brought forth grain, some a hundredfold, some sixty, some thirty.
|
|
79
|
- Mk 4.14: The sower sows the word.
|
|
80
|
- 18. 9.37: the law, however, does not perish but survives in its glory.
- Rom 7.12: So the law is holy, and the commandment is holy and just and
good.
|
|
81
|
- 19. 10.9: Now ask the earth, and she will tell you that it is she who
ought to mourn over so many who have come into being upon her.
- Rom 8.22: We know that the whole creation has been groaning in labor
pains until now;
|
|
82
|
- 20. 12.42: For of all the prophets you alone are left to us, like a
cluster of grapes from the vintage, and like a lamp in a dark place, and
like a haven for a ship saved from a storm.
- 2Pt 1.19: So we have the prophetic message more fully confirmed. You
will do well to be attentive to this as to a lamp shining in a dark
place, until the day dawns and the morning star rises in your hearts.
|
|
83
|
- 21. 13.30-32: And bewilderment of mind shall come over those who inhabit
the earth. They shall plan to
make war against one another, city against city, place against place,
people against people, and kingdom against kingdom. When these things take place and the
signs occur that I showed you before, then my Son will be revealed, whom
you saw as a man coming up from the sea.
|
|
84
|
- Mk 13.8: For nation will rise against nation, and kingdom against
kingdom; there will be earthquakes in various places; there will be
famines. This is but the beginning of the birth pangs.
|
|
85
|
- Many allusions in NT and known time of writing indicates the NT
documents were already written when 2nd Esdras was written
- 2nd Esdras borrowed from NT
- 2nd Esdras isn’t a good Apocryphal work, but a proof text of
NT validity
|
|
86
|
- 4 classes of subject material.
- Historical,
- Legendary (Haggadic),
- Apocalyptic,
- Didactic or Sapiential
|
|
87
|
- Palestinian Jewish Literature
- Historical
- 1 Esdras (i.e. Greek Ezra).
- 1 Maccabees.
- Legendary
- Book of Baruch
- Book of Judith
- Apocalyptic
- Didactic
- Sirach (also known as Ecclesiasticus)
- Tobit
|
|
88
|
- Hellenistic Jewish Literature:--
- Historical and Legendary
- Additions to Daniel
- Additions to Esther
- Epistle of Jeremy
- 2 Maccabees
- Prayer of Manasseh
- Didactic
|
|
89
|
- Intertestamental period is critical
- Esdras 1 is a great example of Greek version of OT text – which is
authentic?
- Esdras 2 is an example of Hebraic apocalyptic literature
- Not good apocrypha
- Good proof for NT text
|
|
90
|
- Tobit
- Synopsis
- Historical Veracity
- Importance
|
|
91
|
|
|
92
|
|
|
93
|
|
|
94
|
|
|
95
|
|
Notes
